A Critical Study of the Prophetic Origin of Culture from the Viewpoint of Abu Hatem Razi

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Alireza FFazeli 1
Ali Sanaee 2
1 Associate Professor, Yasuj University, Department of Philosophy (Corresponding Author)
2 Associate Professor, Semnan University, Department of Theology (Religions and Mysticism)
10.22034/jcsc.2021.136554.2235
Abstract
The culture can be known as all that human beings learned in non-organic life, and over the years, it has been learned from generation to generation. In debate between Abu Hatam al-Razi and Mohamed Ibn Zakaria al-Razi, Abu Hatam advocates religiosity, and It seems that he considers cultural norms and social institutions and cultural phenomena to be given from prophetic doctrines this means the originality of the prophetic culture. In this paper, Abu Hatam's view point of the effectiveness and priority of prophetic culture will be explained. In his opinion, if the prophecy did not exist, social norms would not be formed; social institutions as politics would not remain and there is no language. Abu Hatam's defense implies a functionalist view; Accordingly, in a part of this essay refer to the Emile Durkheim's Sociology of Religion, a model of how to defend Abu Hatam functional interpretation will be provided, In the following, properties of his point of view are compared to Durkheim's functionalism.

Highlights

 

Abu Hatim Razi, Ahmad Ibn Hamdan. (1994). The Book of Adornment on Islamic-Arabic Words (Kitāb al-zīna fi-lkalimāt al-iṣlāmiyya al-ʿarabiyya). Presentation with original sources and explanation by Hosain ibn Fazlollah Hamdani. Ṣanʿāʾ: Markaz Al-derasat wa Al-bohoth al-Yamani.) In Arabic (

Abu Hatim Razi, Ahmad Ibn Hamdan. (2002). Proofs of Prophecy (A'lām al-Nubuwwa). Research and edited and introduction by Salah Al-Sawy and Gholamreza Aavani. Tehran: Anjoman Hekmat wa Falsafeh Iran (Iranian institute of Philosophy). )in Arabic)

Abu Hatim Razi, Ahmad Ibn Hamdan. (2004). Book of the Correction (Kitab al-islah). Edited by Hassan Minuchehr and Mehdi Mohaghegh. Tehran: Moaseseh Motaleate Eslami Daneshgah Tehran- McGill University. (in Persian)

Abu Ya’qub Al-Sijistani. (1966).  Proof of prophecies (Ithbāt al-Nubuwwāt). Edited and presented by Aref Tamer. Beirut: Al- Matba'a al- Katholikia. (In Arabic).

Afroogh, Emad. (2015). “Some basic questions about culture and cultural theory”. Din va Siasat Farhangi. N.4, pp.7-22. (In Persian)

Al-Kirmani, Ahmad ibn Abdallah. (1977). Golden Sayings (Al-Aqwal al-Dhahabiya). Presentation and investigation by Mustafa Ghaleb. Beirut: Dar Mahyo li-nashr va al-tawziʿ. (In Arabic)

Avicenna. (2006). The Theology of the Book of Healing (Al‑Ilahiyat min Kitab al‑Shifa'). Edited and annotated by Ḥasan Ḥasan Zādeh Āmolī Amoli. Qom: Bustan-e Kitab. (In Arabic)

Block, Ned (1991). “Troubles with functionalism” in David M. Rosenthal(ed). Nature of Mind. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Chalmers, David. (1995), Conscious Mind; in search of a fundamental theory, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cheetham, Tom. (2003). The world turned inside out; Henry Corbin and Islamic mysticism. Washington: Spring journal Inc.

Daiber, Hans. (2004). ‘The Ismaili Background of Farabi 's Political Philosophy Abu Hatim al-Razi as a forerunner of Farabi’. Tr by Hossein Badamchi.  An Introduction to the Challenge of Ideal and Reality in Al-Farabi's Political Philosophy. Tehran: Entesharat-e Kavir. (In Persian)

Doods, Michael. (2012), Unlocking divine action: contemporary science and Thomas Aquinas. The Catholic University of America press.

Durkheim, Emile. (1989). The Rules of Sociological Method. Tr by Alimohammad Kardan. Tehran: Entesharat-e Daneshgah Tehran. (In Persian).

Durkheim, Emile. (1995). The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Tr by Karen Fields, New York: The Free Press.

Durkheim, Emile. (2004). “Le Sentiment Religieux à l'Heure Actuelle”. Tr by Sara Shariati. Majaleh jameshenasi Iran (Iranian Journal of Sociology). Circle 5, N. 2, pp.201-207. (In Persian)

Durkheim, Emile. (2019). Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (The Elementary Forms of Religious Life). Tr by Bagher Parham. Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz. (In Persian)

Faramarz Gharamaleki, Ahad, Mansuri, Abbasali. (2014). “Comparison of two types of reasoning: self-based and revelation-based in the debate between Abu Hatim al-Razi and Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi”. Tarikh Falsafeh. Year 5, N.3. 91-110. (In Persian)

Fazeli, Alireza. (2017). Revelation and Prophecy from the Perspective of Aquinas and Mulla Sadra. Tehran: Pazhouheshgah Farhang Va Andisheh Eslami. (In Persian)

Giddens, Anthony. (2007). Sociology. Tr by Hassan Chavoshian. Fourth edition. Tehran: Nashr-e Ney. (In Persian)

Gross, Rita M. (2002), “Feminist Issues and Methods in the Anthropology of Religion” in Arvind Sharma (ed.). Methodology in Religious studies; in interface with woman’s studies. State university of New York press: Albany.

Izutsu, Toshihiko. (1989). God And Man in the Quran. Tr by Ahmad Aram. Tehran: daftar e nashre farhang e Eslami. (In Persian)

Karimi,Yusef. (2005). Social psychology. Tehran: Entesharat Arasbaran. (In Persian)

Khansari, Mohammad. (2007). Formal Logic. Tehran:Entesharat-e Agah. (In Persian)

Macionis, John J. (2018), Sociology. Sixteenth Edition. Essex: Pearson Education.

Mardiha, Mortez. (2019). ‘Civilization and Culture, the role of Cause and Effect’. Cultural Studies & Communication. 15(55). pp.12-32. https://doi.org/10.22034/jcsc.2019.36584 (In Persian)

Mirdamad, Mohammad Bagher ibn Mohammad. (2001). Embers and Appointed times (Jazavat va Mavaghit). Edition and Research by Ali Awjabi.  Tehran: Nashr Miras Maktub. (In Persian)

Moulavi, Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad. (2000). Masnavi Manavi. With the efforts of Reynold Alleyne Nicholson. Tehran: Entesharat Amirkabir. (In Persian)

Nomoto, Shin. (1999). Early Isma’ïlï Thought on Prophecy According to the Kitab al-Islah by Abü Hàtim al-Ràzï. A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies McGill University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Premack, David and Ann James Premack. (1994). “Why animals have neither culture nor history” In by Tim Ingold (ed). Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology. London and New York: Routledge.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. (2004).  Epistemology and practice; Durkheim’s The elementary forms of religious life. Cambridge University Press.

Sadeqi Fasai, Soheila, Erfanmanesh, Iman. (2015). “Methodological Principles of Documentary Research in Social Sciences; Case of Study: Impacts of Modernization on Iranian Family”. Strategy for Culture. N.29, pp. 61-91. (In Persian)

Saler, Benson (2000), “Conceptualizing Religion: Responses.” In Perspectives on Method and Theory in Armin Geertz and Russell T. McCutcheon (eds). The Study of Religion. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.

Schaffalitzky de Muckadell, Caroline. (2014). “On Essentialism and Real Definitions of Religion”, Journal of the American Academy of Religion. Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 495–520  https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfu01

Shahristani, Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Karim. (n.d). The Book of Sects and Creeds (al‑Milal wa al‑Nihal) Research by Mohammad Seyed Kilani. Beirut: Dar al-Marefa. (In Arabic)

Keywords

Subjects

 

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Abu Hatim Razi, Ahmad Ibn Hamdan. (2002). Proofs of Prophecy (A'lām al-Nubuwwa). Research and edited and introduction by Salah Al-Sawy and Gholamreza Aavani. Tehran: Anjoman Hekmat wa Falsafeh Iran (Iranian institute of Philosophy). )in Arabic)
Abu Hatim Razi, Ahmad Ibn Hamdan. (2004). Book of the Correction (Kitab al-islah). Edited by Hassan Minuchehr and Mehdi Mohaghegh. Tehran: Moaseseh Motaleate Eslami Daneshgah Tehran- McGill University. (in Persian)
Abu Ya’qub Al-Sijistani. (1966).  Proof of prophecies (Ithbāt al-Nubuwwāt). Edited and presented by Aref Tamer. Beirut: Al- Matba'a al- Katholikia. (In Arabic).
Afroogh, Emad. (2015). “Some basic questions about culture and cultural theory”. Din va Siasat Farhangi. N.4, pp.7-22. (In Persian)
Al-Kirmani, Ahmad ibn Abdallah. (1977). Golden Sayings (Al-Aqwal al-Dhahabiya). Presentation and investigation by Mustafa Ghaleb. Beirut: Dar Mahyo li-nashr va al-tawziʿ. (In Arabic)
Avicenna. (2006). The Theology of the Book of Healing (Al‑Ilahiyat min Kitab al‑Shifa'). Edited and annotated by Ḥasan Ḥasan Zādeh Āmolī Amoli. Qom: Bustan-e Kitab. (In Arabic)
Block, Ned (1991). “Troubles with functionalism” in David M. Rosenthal(ed). Nature of Mind. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chalmers, David. (1995), Conscious Mind; in search of a fundamental theory, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cheetham, Tom. (2003). The world turned inside out; Henry Corbin and Islamic mysticism. Washington: Spring journal Inc.
Daiber, Hans. (2004). ‘The Ismaili Background of Farabi 's Political Philosophy Abu Hatim al-Razi as a forerunner of Farabi’. Tr by Hossein Badamchi.  An Introduction to the Challenge of Ideal and Reality in Al-Farabi's Political Philosophy. Tehran: Entesharat-e Kavir. (In Persian)
Doods, Michael. (2012), Unlocking divine action: contemporary science and Thomas Aquinas. The Catholic University of America press.
Durkheim, Emile. (1989). The Rules of Sociological Method. Tr by Alimohammad Kardan. Tehran: Entesharat-e Daneshgah Tehran. (In Persian).
Durkheim, Emile. (1995). The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Tr by Karen Fields, New York: The Free Press.
Durkheim, Emile. (2004). “Le Sentiment Religieux à l'Heure Actuelle”. Tr by Sara Shariati. Majaleh jameshenasi Iran (Iranian Journal of Sociology). Circle 5, N. 2, pp.201-207. (In Persian)
Durkheim, Emile. (2019). Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (The Elementary Forms of Religious Life). Tr by Bagher Parham. Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz. (In Persian)
Faramarz Gharamaleki, Ahad, Mansuri, Abbasali. (2014). “Comparison of two types of reasoning: self-based and revelation-based in the debate between Abu Hatim al-Razi and Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi”. Tarikh Falsafeh. Year 5, N.3. 91-110. (In Persian)
Fazeli, Alireza. (2017). Revelation and Prophecy from the Perspective of Aquinas and Mulla Sadra. Tehran: Pazhouheshgah Farhang Va Andisheh Eslami. (In Persian)
Giddens, Anthony. (2007). Sociology. Tr by Hassan Chavoshian. Fourth edition. Tehran: Nashr-e Ney. (In Persian)
Gross, Rita M. (2002), “Feminist Issues and Methods in the Anthropology of Religion” in Arvind Sharma (ed.). Methodology in Religious studies; in interface with woman’s studies. State university of New York press: Albany.
Izutsu, Toshihiko. (1989). God And Man in the Quran. Tr by Ahmad Aram. Tehran: daftar e nashre farhang e Eslami. (In Persian)
Karimi,Yusef. (2005). Social psychology. Tehran: Entesharat Arasbaran. (In Persian)
Khansari, Mohammad. (2007). Formal Logic. Tehran:Entesharat-e Agah. (In Persian)
Macionis, John J. (2018), Sociology. Sixteenth Edition. Essex: Pearson Education.
Mardiha, Mortez. (2019). ‘Civilization and Culture, the role of Cause and Effect’. Cultural Studies & Communication. 15(55). pp.12-32. https://doi.org/10.22034/jcsc.2019.36584 (In Persian)
Mirdamad, Mohammad Bagher ibn Mohammad. (2001). Embers and Appointed times (Jazavat va Mavaghit). Edition and Research by Ali Awjabi.  Tehran: Nashr Miras Maktub. (In Persian)
Moulavi, Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad. (2000). Masnavi Manavi. With the efforts of Reynold Alleyne Nicholson. Tehran: Entesharat Amirkabir. (In Persian)
Nomoto, Shin. (1999). Early Isma’ïlï Thought on Prophecy According to the Kitab al-Islah by Abü Hàtim al-Ràzï. A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies McGill University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Premack, David and Ann James Premack. (1994). “Why animals have neither culture nor history” In by Tim Ingold (ed). Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology. London and New York: Routledge.
Rawls, Anne Warfield. (2004).  Epistemology and practice; Durkheim’s The elementary forms of religious life. Cambridge University Press.
Sadeqi Fasai, Soheila, Erfanmanesh, Iman. (2015). “Methodological Principles of Documentary Research in Social Sciences; Case of Study: Impacts of Modernization on Iranian Family”. Strategy for Culture. N.29, pp. 61-91. (In Persian)
Saler, Benson (2000), “Conceptualizing Religion: Responses.” In Perspectives on Method and Theory in Armin Geertz and Russell T. McCutcheon (eds). The Study of Religion. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Schaffalitzky de Muckadell, Caroline. (2014). “On Essentialism and Real Definitions of Religion”, Journal of the American Academy of Religion. Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 495–520  https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfu015
Shahristani, Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Karim. (n.d). The Book of Sects and Creeds (al‑Milal wa al‑Nihal) Research by Mohammad Seyed Kilani. Beirut: Dar al-Marefa. (In Arabic)