The Effect of Lawlessness Culture on the Instability of Political Development in Iran(1941-1953)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
aryan pourghadiri esfahani 1
hossein masoud nia 2
alireza aghahosseini 2
amirmasoud shahramnia 3
1 Doctoral student of Political Sociology inUniversity of Isfahan
2 Faculty member of the Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan
3 Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran,
10.22034/jcsc.2023.1978422.2624
Abstract
In the current research, an attempt has been made to study the influence of Lawlessness culture on the instability of political development in 1941-1953 by using the historical-analytical method and by referring to books, articles and authoritative sources. The present study raises the question of what effects the Lawlessness culture of the country's executive elites, including the Shah and the prime ministers, had on the instability of political development in Iran from the occupation by the Allies to the August 28 coup? hypothesis is that lawlessness as one of the elements of the political culture of the Shah and the Prime Ministers in 1941-1953 was one of the factors hindering political development at that time. Based on the findings of the research, if the culture of lawlessness did not dominate the political environment during the period in question and the elites of the executive branch, especially the king and the prime ministers, adhered to the law and regulations, problems such as the personalization of power, flattery, political violence, Political corruption and the discredit of participation through legal channels did not cast a shadow on Iran's political atmosphere, and political development at this point was more likely to last and deepen.

Keywords

Subjects

 -Abrahamian, Yervand.(2008). Iran between two revolutions. Translated by Ahmad Golmohammadi. Tehran: Ney Publishing . (In Persian)
- A group of writers. (1979). Spirituality and Unrevealed Secrets of the Nationalization of Industry Movement. Qom: DarolFekr . (In Persian)
-Aminzadeh, Mohsen.(1376). »political development.« Journal of Political-Economic Information.June and July 1997. No. 117 and 118.PP 117-104.  (In Persian)
- Agheli, Bagher .(1995). Prime Ministers of Iran. Tehran: Javidan Publications. (In Persian)
-Azimi, Fakhreddin(2008), The Quest for Democracy in Iran, Cambridge :Harvard University Press.
- Abdullahi, Mohammad .(1999). Obstacles to legalism and ways to deal with it in Iran. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. (In Persian)
-Avery, Peter. Hambly, Gavin.(2008). The Cambridge History Of Iran .Volume 7.NewYork:Cambridge University press
- Avery, Peter. (nd). Contemporary History of Iran, translated by Mohammad Rafiei Mehrabadi. Volume 2, Tehran: Amirkabir. (In Persian)
-Alam, Amir Asadollah.(1994). My Conversation with King. 6th ed. Tehran: Tarheno.
-Abolhassan Amidi Nouri.(2005). Notes of a Journalist (Developments of the Recent Half-Century of Contemporary Iranian History from the Viewpoint of Abolhassan Amidi Nouri.
 By: Mokhtar Hadidi&  Jalal Farahmand. C2.Tehran: Institute for the Study of Contemporary Iranian History. (In Persian)
- Azghandi, Alireza. (2015). History of Iranian Political and Social Developments. Tehran: Samt Publications. N,l .
-Bakhtiar, Shapour.(2003). Yekrangi. Translated by Mahshid Amirshahi. Paris: Khavaran. )In Persian)
-Bashirieh, Hossein .( 2004). Political Sociology and the Role of Social Forces in Political Life. Tehran: Ney. (In Persian)
-Deutsch, karl (1953),Nationalism and Social Communications, New York: Chapmand and Hall.
-Doldam, Eskandar. (1993). The Life and Memoirs of Amir Abbas Hoveida. Tehran: Gulfam.
-Elton,Daniel(2001). The History of Iran. London: Greenwood Publishing.
-Eyvazi, Mohammad Rahim. (2006), Political Sociology of the Opposition in Iran, Tehran: Qoms. (In Persian)
-Fukuyama, Francis.(2011). Origins of Political Order: from Prehuman Times to the French Revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
-Falaci, Oriana .(2006). Interview with History. Translated by Pirooz Maleki. Tehran: Amir Kabir. (In Persian)
-Foran, John .( 2007). Fragile Resistance: The history of social changes in Iran from 1500 AD to 879 AD. Translated by Ahmad Tadaion. Tehran: Rasa Cultural Services. (In Persian)
-Firoozjaeian,AliAsghar .( 2010). »Lawlessness: An Analysis from the Theory of Procedural Justice« . Social Welfare Quarterly. Eleventh Year, No. 4.pp410-381. (In Persian)
-Ghavam, Abdolali.(1995). Critique of Theories of Political Modernization and Development. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University Press. (In Persian)
-Ghavam, Abdolali.(2005). Challenges to Political Development. Tehran: Ghoomes. 
-Huntington, Samuel.( 1991). Political Order in Changing Societies. Translated by Mohsen Salasi. Tehran: Nashre Elm. (In Persian)
-Hoveyda, Fereydoun.(1994). The Fall of the Shah. Translated by H, A. Mehran. Tehran: Ettelaat. (In Persian)
- Holliday, Fred (1979). Dictatorship and the Development of Capitalism in Iran, translated by Fazlallah Nikayin, Tehran, Amirkabir Publications. (In Persian)
- Heydarpour Kilidsar, Mohammad. Vosoughi, Mansour. Sarukhani, Baqer. Azkia, Mustafa. (2017). "Analysis of Obstacles to Political Development in Iran", Cultural-Communication Studies, 18th Year, Winter 2017, No. 40. pp. 1-31. (In Persian)
- Inglehart, Ronald. (2009) "Culture and Democracy". In The Importance of Culture, Samuel Huntington and Lawrence Harrison. Tehran, Amirkabir. (In Persian)
-Jahangiri, Saeed (2018). "Investigating the Obstacles to Political Development in Iran", History of the Revolution, Year 2, Issue 3, 4, Issue 4, pp. 57-78. (In Persian)
-Johnson, Chalmers.(1966).Revolution and the social system. Stanford: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace. Stanford University.
-Kazemi, Ali Asghar.(1997). The Crisis of Modernity and Political Culture in Contemporary Iran. Tehran: Ghoomes. (In Persian)
- Katouzian, Mohammad Ali (2012). The conflict between the state and the nation. translated by Alireza Tayyeb, Tehran, Ney publication. (In Persian)
-Matini, Jalal.(2009). A look at the political record of Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh. Tehran: Book Company. (In Persian)
-Mohammadi, Ali .(2010). »The Role of the King and the Court in the Inefficiency of Governments during 1941-1953 .«  Political Science. no. 1. pp. 109-128. (In Persian)
-Madani, Jalaladin.(2004). Shah between two escapes. Zamaneh Monthly. Issue 29. (In Persian)
-Madani, Jalaladin.(1982). Contemporary Political History of Iran .C 1. Tehran: Islamic Publications Office. (In Persian)
-Moin, Mohammad. (2009). Persian Dictionary. Tehran: Amir Kabir. (In Persian)
-McLean, Iain.( 2008). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Translated by Hamid Ahmadi. Tehran: Mizan. (In Persian)
-Maki, Hossein.(1981). Black Book . Tehran: Book Translation and Publishing Company. (In Persian)
-Mehdi Nia, Jafar.(1995). Prime Ministers of Iran, Life of Abdul Hassan Hajir. Tehran: Panos Publishing. (In Persian)
-Nazarpour. Mohammad Taghi (1999). Values and Development, Tehran: Research Institute of Islamic Culture and Thought. (In Persian)
- Neumann, Franz. (1991). Behemoth: The Structure and Function of National Socialism. Translated by Mohammad Reza Sodagar. Tehran: Mother World Publishing. (In Persian)
- Pye, Lucien. (1991). "Political Culture, Political Development". Translated by Majid Mohammadi, Nameh Farhang, No. 5 and 6. pp. 37-47. (In Persian)
-Pahlavi, Mohammadreza.(1971). Mission for My Country.3rd ed. Tehran: Book Publishing and Publishing Company. (In Persian)
-Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza. )1978(. Towards a Great Civilization. Tehran: Pahlavi Library. (In Persian)
-Sanjabi, Karim .(1989). Political Memoirs of Dr. Sanjabi. London: Jebhe Mellion. (In Persian)
-Shukras, William.(1369).The King's Last Journey. Translated by Abdolreza Houshang Mahdavi, Tehran: Safir Publishing. (In Persian)
-Sheikhzadeh, Hossein.(2007). »Interactions between the institution of councils and public culture.« Monthly of councils, No. 16, Second year.pp 21-1. (In Persian)
-Sameti, Morteza et al. (2011). "Analysis of the impact of good governance indicators on the human development index". Quarterly Scientific Research Journal of Economic Growth and Development. First Year. Fourth Issue. pp. 184-223. (In Persian)
-Sadr, Mohsen .(1985). Memoirs of Sadr al-Ashraf. Tehran: Vahid Publications. (In Persian)
-Tafaghodi Jami, Mohammad.(2008). The Past is the Beacon of the Future. Tehran: Ghoghnoos. (In Persian)
-Tavakoli Nishabori, Nasrollah.( 2014). The Fall of the Last Arias. Washington: Iran Books.
-Wilbird, Donald N.( 2000). CIA Confidential Documents on the Operation to Overthrow Dr. Mossadegh (Secrets of the Coup). Translated by Dr. Hamid Ahmadi, Tehran: Ney Publishing. (In Persian)
-Y Su, Alvin (1999). Social Change and Development. Translated by Mahmoud Habibi Mazaheri. Tehran: Strategic Studies Research Institute Publications. (In Persian)
-Zabih, Sepehr.( 1985). The Mossadegh Era: Roots of the Iranian Revolution. Translated by Mohammad Rafiee Mehrabadi. Tehran: Attar.
(In Persian)
-Zonis, Marvin.(1978).The Political Elite of Iran.Princeton: Princeton University Press. (In Persian)
Cultural Studies & Communication
Volume 20, Issue 77
Winter 2025
Pages 361-385