Abbasi Sarcheshmeh, M. R., Mohammad Bana Ardekan, O., & Abbasi Sarcheshmeh, A. 2016. “Comparison of Appearance Beliefs, Irrational Beliefs, and Body Mass Index in Candidates for Cosmetic Surgery and Those in Need of It”. Skin and Cosmetic, 7(3), 156–162. https://jsc.tums. ac.ir/article-1-5318-en.html[In Persian]
Abbasi, B., Haghighatian, M., & Moazzeni, A. 2020.”Sociological Analysis of Representations of Cosmetic Surgery as a Medium of Cultural Identity among Young Men in Tehran”. Culture and Communication Studies, 21(50), 149–170.https://ccs.atu.ac.ir / article_13445. html?lang = en[In Persian]
Abbaszadeh, M., Aghdasi Alamdari, F., Saadati, M., & Mobarak Bakhshayesh, M. 2012.”A Sociological Study of the Tendency towards Beauty through Plastic Surgery and Related Factors (Case Study: Women and Girls aged 16-64 in Tabriz)”. Applied Sociology, 23(3), 123–140.https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18070.html?lang=en[In Persian]
Abbaszadeh, M., Mahmoud Molaee Kermani, B., & Aghdasi Alamdari, F. 2014.”A Sociological Study of the Intervening Role of the Variable "Social Acceptance" in the Impact of Media on Women's Tendency towards Beauty through Surgery”. Woman and Society, 5(3), 47–65.https: //jzvj.marvdasht.iau.ir/article_3451.html?lang=en[In Persian]
Abdollahinia, A. 2025.”Predicting Body Image Concern Based on Self-Objectification and Rumination with the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in Women Candidates for Cosmetic Surgery”. Master's thesis, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Faculty of Literature and Humanities,https://ganj.irandoc.ac.ir/#/articles/0e7b8d4a7d1c4f3b8a2e6c5d9f8a3b1c)[In Persian]
Ahmadi, A., Torabi, F., Hashemian, A., & Vagardoust, R. 2023.” Evaluating Health Literacy in Candidates for Cosmetic Surgery: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Health Information Management, 20(3), 173-178. https://doi.org/10.48305/him.2024.42174.1146[In Persian]
Alamdar Saravi, M., & Ghalebandi, M. (2004).”Personality Characteristics of Cosmetic Surgery Volunteers”. Thought and Behavior, 9(4), 11–17.https://jtbcp.ir/article-1-120-en.html)
Al-Bashaireh, A. M., Aljawarneh, Y., Alkouri, O., Alzoughool, F., Alhefeiti, A., Aldhuhoori, A., Al Kaabi, A., Alkaabi, A., & Alnaqbi, F. 2025.”Body image and attitudes toward cosmetic surgeries among female college students in the United Arab Emirates: A cross-sectional study”. Heliyon, 11(2), e42027.https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.heliyon.2025. e42027.
Alhussain,BS., Almanea, MY., Alharbi, AN., Alali, MS., Alraba, MA.,Alferm, OB. 2021. “Use of Lasers in Oral Maxillofacial Surgery; a cross-sectional study done in Riyadh”, Saudi Arabia. Arch Pharm Pract.12(4):77-83. https://doi.org/10.51847/Bljyrczej9
Asadi, M., Salehi, M., Sedoughi, M., & Afkham Ebrahimi, A. 2013.”Self-esteem and Attitude Towards Physical Appearance Before and After Rhinoplasty”. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 28-33. http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2014-en.html
Bagheri, M., Kiani, S., & Hazbavi, A. (2022).”A Sociological Study of Factors Affecting the Tendency towards Cosmetic Surgery (Case Study: Women aged 18-60 in Ahvaz)”. Journal of Sociological Studies, (60), 391–428.https://jss.tabriz.iau.ir/article_704716.html?lang=en, [In Persian]
Balali, I., Afsharkohan, J. 2010.”Beauty and Money: Makeup and Surgery”. Strategic Women's Studies, 12(42), 99–140. https://jwsf. tabriz. iau.ir/ article_519427.html?lang=en[In Persian]
Bayani, A., Abdi, M., & Bayani, M. 2023.”Comparison of Social Support and Self-Concept in Candidates and Non-Candidates for Hair Transplant Cosmetic Surgery”. Modern Research in Psychology, 4(2), 7-14. https://psjournal.ir/fa/paper.php?pid=153, [In Persian]
Beck, U. 1992.”Risk society: Towards a new modernity”. Sage Publications.
Bidkhori, M., Yasseri, M., Akbari Sari, A., & Majdzadeh, R. 2021.”Relationship between Socioeconomic Factors and Incidence of Cosmetic Surgery in Tehran, Iran”. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 50(2), 360-368. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i2.5351, [In Persian]
Bizot O. 2021.”The BBL Surgery ‘That Only the Kardashians Could Have’ Becomes Dangerous TikTok Trend”. The France 24 Observers, Available from: https://observers. france24. com/en/americas/20211105-brazilian-butt-lift-tiktok-surgerytrend
Căiță, G. A. Maghiar, T. Bodog, F. D. & Noor, H. 2023.”Sociological study of the influencing factors on the trend toward cosmetic surgery”. Archives of Pharmacy Practice, 2023.14(2), 122–126. https://doi.org/10.51847/Tb8nUxFOyU
Ching BH-H, Xu JT.2019.”Understanding cosmetic surgery consideration in Chinese adolescent girls: Contributions of materialism and sexual objectification”. Body Image. 28:6–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.bodyim.2018.11.001
Cooley, C. H. 1902.”Human nature and the social order”. Scribner's Sons.
Danesteh, H., Sadeghzadeh, A., Azadi, M., & Zahed Zahedani, S. S. (2024).”Evaluation of Perfectionism and Appearance Status of Candidates for Rhinoplasty Referred to Shahid Rajaei Hospital in Shiraz”. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 31(1), 166. http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/ article-1-8626-en.html, [In Persian]
Enayat, H., & Anbari Roozbahani, M. 2017.”Investigating Psychological Causes of Women's Tendency towards Cosmetic Surgeries (Case Study: Women aged 15-50 in Shiraz)”. Alborz University Medical Sciences Journal, 7(1), 24–34.https://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-530-en.html, [In Persian]
Etemadifard, S. M., & Amani, M. 2013.”A Sociological Study of Women's Motivations for Cosmetic Surgery Tendencies”. Women's Research Journal, 4(2), 1-22. https://womenstudy. ihcs.ac.ir/article_1069.html, [In Persian]
Farrokhi, A., Zare, Y., & Siavash, S. M. 2025.” The Effect of Family Communication Pattern on Tendency to Cosmetic Surgery with the Mediation of Emotion Control among Female High School Students in Yasuj”. Woman and Society, 16(1), 77-99.https://doi.org/10.71801/ JZVJ.2025.1172312, [In Persian]
Fattahi, E., Eftekari, S. P., Ahmadi, S. M., & Hamzeh, B.2018. “The Relationship between Mental Health and Self-Esteem with Metacognitive Evaluation of Body Dysmorphia in Women Candidates for Rhinoplasty Referring to Two Cosmetic Surgery Centers in Kermanshah in 2017 and 2018”. Iranian Surgery Journal, 26(4), 61-71. https://ijs.ir/ article_730869.html,[In Persian]
Giddens, A.1991.” Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age”. Stanford University Press.
Goffman, E. 1959.” The presentation of self in everyday life”. Doubleday.
Gulbas,LE.2008.”Cosmetic Surgery and the Politics of Race, class, andGender in Caracas, Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of Dedman College, Southern Methodist University in PartialFulfillment of the Requirements”, degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Venezuela; 2008. 328.
Haji Abolalu, K., Hallajzadeh, H., & Masoudnia, E. 2018.”Comparison of Cultural Capital Between Two Groups of Women With and Without Cosmetic Surgery History in Rasht”. Applied Sociology, 29(4), 167-182. 10.22108/jas.2018.103670.1088, [In Persian]
Hashemi, S., & Jamshidi, M. 2019. “The Relationship between Perfectionism and Depression with Body Image in Girls Volunteering for Cosmetic Surgery”. Skin and Cosmetic, 10(1), 3–11. https://jsc.tums.ac.ir/ article-1-5875-en.html, [In Persian]
Harandi, V., Ansari Shahidi, M., Haghayegh, S. A., Raeisi, Z., & Sepideh, M.2019.” The Relationship between Interpersonal Emotion Regulation and Social Support with Tendency to Cosmetic Surgery”. Pajouhandeh, 14(6), 318-323. http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6372-en.html, [In Persian]
Hosseini, Z., Karbalaie Mohammad Meibodi, A., & Geramipour, M. 2018.”Structural Model of Relationships Between Body Image, Irrational Beliefs, and Mental Health in Cosmetic Surgery Candidates”. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 12(48), 17-96. https://sid. ir/paper/172114/en, [In Persian]
Hua, W. 2009.’Being good-looking is capital”: Cosmetic surgery in China today”. Asian Anthropol.8:89–107. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/ 1683 478X.2009.10552588
Jackson T, Chen H.2015. “Predictors of cosmetic surgery consideration among young chinese women and men”. Sex Roles. 73:214–30. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0514-9
Jamal, BT.2023.” Oral Cancer Staging and Clinicopathologic FeaturesPresenting to Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Practice in Saudi Arabia”.Clin Cancer Investig J. 12(1):32-5. https://ccij-online.org/storage/files/article/16d9639a-91ed-4916-8461-47d4d00b1772-Ikmbh yp9GygBjRMx/NHwNrv4Wx4Udv
Kazemi Kelayeglan, F., Parsafar, S., Afshari, M., & Baraei, M.2017.”Socio-Cultural Attitudes Towards Cosmetic Surgeries and Related Factors Among Female Students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Skin and Cosmetic, 8(4), 185-194. http://jdc.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5279-en.html, [In Persian]
Kazemi Rezai, A., Hatamian, P., Vatankhah Amjad Farzaneh, & Pahlavan Yusefkhani, M. 2022.”The Relationship between Emotional Dysregulation and Repetitive Negative Thoughts with Body Image Concern Considering the Mediating Role of Family Support in Women Candidates for Cosmetic Surgery”. Psychiatric Nursing, 10(1), 18–27.https: //ijpn.ir/article-1-2012-en.html. [In Persian]
Khanjani, Z., Babapur, J., & Saba, G. 2012.” Investigation and Comparison of Psychological Status and Body Image in Candidates for Cosmetic Surgery with Non-Candidates”. Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal, 20(2), 237-248. https://jssu.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1988-en.html. [In Persian]
Khanjani, Z., Pakravan, H., Ghadimi, N., & Asadi, S. 2022.”The Relationship Between Attitude Towards Cosmetic Surgery and Social Media Addiction Based on the Mediating Role of Body Image Concern in Adolescents”. Ravish Psychology, 11(3), 35-46. https://dor.isc.ac/ dor/ 20.1001.1.2383353.1401.11.3.16.7, [In Persian]
Kian Ara, M., Rabani, R., & Payanpour, M.2010.”Social Stratification and Body Modification: Cosmetic Surgery as a Symbol of Social Status”. Strategic Women's Studies, 12(47), 73-98. https://www.jwss.ir/ article_ 45301.html, [In Persian]
Kumar, S. 2022.”The rise and fall of BBL”. Shift LondonThe Rise and Fall of the BBL. Shift London. (2022). Available from: https://www.shiftlondon.org/features/the-endof-an-era-the-bbl
Malekmohammadi, N. Hashemi, S. & Rahmati, J. 2024.” Mediating role of social competence in the relationship between tendency to cosmetic surgery and psychological capital in women applying for cosmetic surgery”. Iranian Evolutionary Educational Psychology Journal, 6 (3), 373-385. http://ieepj.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-929-en.html, [In Persian]
Mir Akhoorli, F., & Rahmati, R. 2024.”Investigating the Relationship Between Social and Emotional Loneliness, Cognitive Self-Awareness, and Fear of Negative Evaluation in Women Candidates for Cosmetic Surgery”. New Ideas in Psychology, 9(27), 5. http://jnip.ir/article-1-1308-en.html, [In Persian]
Mirhosseini, S. R., Kavei, B., & Aghili, S. V.2016.”Investigating the Role of Satellite TV Programs Regarding Men’s Cosmetic Surgery”. Media Studies, 10, 41–50. https://media studies.srbiau.ac.ir/article_12288.html?lang=en, [In Persian]
Mirhosseini, S. R., Kavei, B., & Aghili, S. V.2016.”The Role of Satellite TV Programs Regarding Men's Cosmetic Surgery”. Media Studies, 10, 41-50. http://mediastudies. srbiau.ac.ir/article_9999.html, [In Persian]
Mirsardo, T., Koldi, A., & Attaei, B. 2010.” The Relationship between Socio-Cultural Factors and Women's Tendency to Cosmetic Surgery Among Women in Karaj”. Woman and Family Studies, 3(10), 145-164. sanad.iau.ir/Journal/jwsf/Article/955234, [In Persian]
Mokhtari, M., & Enayat, H. 2011. The Role of Gender Attitudes in the Emergence of Women's Body Image (Case Study: Women Undergoing Cosmetic Surgery in Shiraz)”. Women in Development and Politics, 9(3), 67-87. https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_23650.html, [In Persian]
Nerini, A. Di Gesto, C. & Lo Bartolo, M. 2024.” Self-awareness and Social Influences as Predictors of Body Dissatisfaction and Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery for Social Reasons Among Men”. Aesth Plast Surg 48, 1016–1026 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-023-03565-y.
Niknam, M., Khodi, Z., & Khodi, M.2019.” Investigating the Relationship Between Body Image and Self-Concept with Happiness in Women Candidates for Cosmetic Surgery in Tehran”. Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal, 27(1), 1110-1117. http://dx. doi.org/10.18502/ssu.v27i1.868, [In Persian]
Noghani, M., Mazloom Khorasani, M., & Varshoei, S.2010.” Social Factors Affecting Women's Cosmetic Surgery”. Social and Psychological Studies of Women, 8(4), 75-101. 10.22051/jwsps.2010.1385, [In Persian]
Nowroozi, Y., Sheikhpour, A. H., & Kaviani, E. 2023.” Investigating the Relationship Between Psychological Security and Subjective Well-being in Women's Tendency to Cosmetic Surgery Considering the Mediating Role of Narcissism”. Educational Psychology Skills, 14(4), 63-77. https://sanad.iau.ir/en/Article/953476. [In Persian]
Pirahari, N., & Bidaran, S. 2016.”Social Factors Affecting Women's Tendency to Cosmetic Surgery”. Woman and Society, 8(4), 229-246. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001. 1.20088566. 1396. 8.32.12.7. [In Persian]
Reshadi Mohammadi, A., Hafez, F., & Human, F.2025.” The Causal Relationship of Tendency to Cosmetic Surgery Based on Social Media Addiction and Psychopathology with the Mediation of Self-Esteem in Women of Ahvaz County”. Woman and Family Studies, (67), 8. https://doi.org/10.30491/hpr.2025.495480.1462, [In Persian]
Sadaati, M. S., Zarurati, M., & Karbakhsh Ravari, F. 2025.” The Relationship Between Fear of Body Image and Attitude Towards Cosmetic Surgery Among Medical Students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2023”. Sadra Medical Sciences Journal, 13(3), 468-477. https://doi.org/10.30476/smsj.2025.102766.1539, [In Persian]
Safarishali, R. 2019.” Women's Tendency to Cosmetic Surgery as Social Desirability (Display of Objective Welfare)”. Social Sciences Quarterly, 26(84), 61-88. https://doi.org/10.22054/ qjss.2019.45120.2136, [In Persian]
Shah Amiri, Z. 2022.” Investigating the Socio-Psychological Factors Associated with the Desire to Undergo Cosmetic Surgery Among Women in Ahvaz”. Master's thesis, Yasouj University. [In Persian]
Shahani Shalmani R, Jafari F.2024. “Study of the relationship between social anxiety of negative evaluation and negative body image with the tendency of cosmetic surgery in women”. Health Science Monitor .3 (1):11-18URL: http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-128-en.html, [In Persian]
Swami, V. 2015.” Body image in the context of cosmetic surgery”. In D. Sarwer, L. A. Whitaker, & L. A. Whitaker (Eds.), Psychological aspects of reconstructive and cosmetic plastic surgery: Clinical, empirical, and ethical perspectives.pp. 23–40). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Tahmasebi, S., Tahmasebi, Z., & Yaghmaee, F. 2014.”Factors Related to Willingness to Undergo Cosmetic Surgeries Based on the Theory of Reasoned Action Among Students in Shahrekord”. Settareye Mameyi va Jame Negar, 24(74), 53-61. http://hnmj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-366-en.html, [In Persian]
Tavassoli,Gholam Abbas. 2012.” Investigating Women's Tendency to Cosmetic Surgery in Tehran”. Social and Psychological Studies of Women, (1), 61-82. https://doi.org/ 10.22051/jwsps.2012.1412, [In Persian]
Tsafack Zefack, J., Brenda Mbouamba Y., Mbonjo, B. D., Cynthia-Edith Ara-Nabangi N., Esua Alphonsius Fotindong, N., James, T., Vanessa, N. &Favour, A. A.2025.”The socio-epidemiological impact of a growing demand for cosmetic surgery in low- and middle-income countries: The case of Cameroon”. Journal of Global Public Health, 15(2), 123-145. https://doi. org/10
Valina G, Sessa A.2020.”Current trends of cosmetic surgical procedures with the general cosmetic surgery fellowships by the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery”. Am J Cosmet Surg. 37(1):5-13. doi: 10.1177/0748806819852014
Yue P.2017.”.About face: China’s plastic surgery market grows six times faster than global average”. About face: China’s plastic surgery market grows six times faster than global average.2023-1216 https://www.chinamoneynetwork.com/2017/08/09/about-face-chinas-plastic-surgery-market-grows-six-times-faster-than-global-average.
Zare, B. Javadi, F. & Naseri, S.2014.” Does it make me beautiful? A focus group discussion on cosmetic surgery”. International Journal of Applied Sociology, 4(5), 126–132. https://doi.org /10.5923/j.ijas .20140405.03, [In Persian]
Zhang, Y., Jiang, M., Liu, J., & Liu, B. 2024.”Pursuing beauty: socio-cultural and labor-economic determinants of cosmetic surgery consideration among female college students in China”. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 519. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02016-w.
Zirrahi, A. 2024.” Investigating the Causes of Women's Tendency to Cosmetic Surgery and Determining the Relationship Between Cosmetic Surgery and Marital Satisfaction Among Women Aged 18 to 50 in Dashtestan County”, Master's thesis proposal, Kherad Institute of Higher Education, Bushehr. [In Persian]
Zoghipazdar, M. R., Karami, A., & Nabizadeh, S.2018.”Comparison of Body Image Disturbance, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and Fashion Orientation in Candidates and Non-Candidates for Cosmetic Surgery”. Health Psychology, 7(2), 7-24. https://hpj.journals.pnu. ac.ir/article_4968. [In Persian]
