The Enlightenment, Colonialism, and the Iranian Question in the 19th Century

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Hirmand Hassas Seddighi 1
Fayyaz Zaahed 2
hosin abadiyan 3
1 History and Archeology Dept. Literature and Humanities Faculty, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, IRAN
2 History and Archeology Dept. Literature and Humanities Faculty, Tehran Central Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN
3 University professor and faculty member
10.22034/jcsc.2022.549344.2542
Abstract
Following the Enlightenment movement and then the French Revolution, competition between the great European powers for access to Iran intensified, on the other side the Tsarist Russia did play another role in these competitions. Unlike Russia, which used military means to open her way to European boarders and the Far East, European powers pursued their goals with the Enlightenment ideas alongside with economic investment. At the same time, some Iranian intellectuals emerged who put the same goals of the Enlightenment movement at the forefront of their activities. With the aim of promoting Iran, they tried to spread some new instructions such as the rule of law in Iran. It was thought that if Iran follows the same attitude as Europe, it would soon achieve progress and growth. These people not only did not pay enough attention to the requirements of the civilization, but also did not pay attention to the fact that the new civilization also has a colonial aspect that is contemporaneous with the new ideas. With the descriptive-analytical method of research, this study shows that these intellectuals did not have a critical approach to these categories and as a result, instead of establishing an idea according to the custom of the country, they took the path of imitating something that could not prevent the colonial risk upon.

Highlights

 

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  •  

Keywords

  •  

    • Adamiat, F. (1970) Andishehaye Mirza Fathali Akhoundzadeh, Tehran, Iran: Kharazmi (In Persian)
    • Adamiat, F. (2006) Andisheh-e Taraghi & Hokoomat-e Ghanoon Asre Sepahsalar, Tehran, Iran: Kharazmi (In Persian)
    • Akhoundzadeh, F. (1976) Maktoobat-e Kamal-aldowleh, by Hamid Mohammadzadeh, Tehran, Iran: Agah (In Persian)
    • Akhoundzadeh, F. (1978) Alefba-y Jadid & Maktoobat, by Hamid Mohammadzadeh. Tehran, Iran: Ehiae  (In Persian)
    • Arberry, Arthour John, (1944) Jonse Irani, Rozegare no Magazine, No.1, London, UK (In Persian)
    • Bok, Hilary. (2014). “Montesquieu”. The Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed)
    • Chaninove , Braian. (1978) Tarikhe Russieh az Aghaz ta Enghelebe October, Translated by Khanbaba Bayani, Tehran, Iran: Tehran University Press (In Persian)
    • Fraser, James Bailli, Narrative of A Journey into Khorasan in the years 1821 and 1822, London, Longman, 1825.
    • Gibbon, Edward. (1347), Enhetat va soghot-e Emperatori-e Rom, Translate by Abulghasem Taheri, Tehran, Iran: Franklin (In Persian)
    • Hadidi, Javad. (1963), Islan az nazare Volter pholsoph va nevisandeh-I Faransavi, Mashhad, Iran: Mashhad University Press (In Persian)
    • Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Ferderich. (1387) Khodaygan va Bandeh, translated by Hamid Enaiat, Tehran, Kharazmi: Iran (In Persian)
    • Hourani, Albert, »Islam and the Philosophers of History«, Middle East Studies, vol. 3, 1967.
    • Kant, Immanuel, The Metaphysics of Moral, trans. Mary J. Gregor, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991.
    • Majmoo-e asar-e Miraza Malkom khan. Collected by, Mohammad Mohit Tabatabaei, Tehran, Iran: Elmi (In Persian)
    • Mazlish, Bruce. (1393) Bonyad-haye tarikhi va cheshmandaz-haye olum-e ensani, translated by Javad Alizadeh, Tehran, Iran: Akhtaran (In Persian)
    • Mill, Juhn Stuart, On Liberty and Other Essays, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
    • Montesquieu, Charles de. (1349), Rooh al-qavanin, translated by Aliakbar Mohtadi, Tehran, Iran: Amirkabir (In Persian)
    • Montesquieu, Charles de. (1387), Nameha-I Irani, translated by Mohammad Majlesi, Tehran, Iran: Donya-I No. (In Persian)
    • Moshir al-Dowleh, Mirza hassan pirnia. (1319), Hoqoq-e Bein-al-melal, Tehran, Iran: Dar al-tebae madreseh siyasi. (In Persian)
    • Mostashar al-Dowleh, Mirza Yousef khan, Yek Kalameh, Collected by Baqer Momeni, Tabriz, Iran: Ehyaa (In Persian)
    • Mostashar al-Dowleh, Mirza Yousef khan. (1323) Resaleh Yek Kalameh, Iran (In Persian)
    • Nateq, Homa. (1356) Farangi va Farangi Maabi, Alephba journal, No.6, Tehran, Iran (In Persian)
    • Porter, Roy. (1998) Moghadameh-ei bar Roshanfekri, translated by Saeid Moghadam, Tehran, Iran: Nikaein (In Persian)
    • Protti, James L. (1994) Oloohiat va Heidegger, translated by, Mohammad reza Jouzi, Tehran, Iran: Hekmat (In Persian)
    • Saeid, Edward. (1382), Shargh shenasi, translated by Abdolrahim Govahi, Tehran, Iran: Daftare Nashre Farhange Eslami (In Persian)
    • Tamanaha, Brian Z. On the Rule of law; History, Politics, Theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • Tignor, Robert L., »Lord Cromer on Islam«, in the Muslim World, 52, Issue 3, 1962.
    • Weinrib, Ernest J. ACampinion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory. Ed. Dennis Michael Patterson, Wiley Blackwell. 2010.
    • Wolff, Joseph, Narrative of A Mission to Bokhara in the Years 1843 to 1845, London, Saunders, Otley & Co., 1961.
    • Young, David (1978). Montesquieu's View of Despotism and His Use of Travel Literature in: “The Review of Politics”, Cambridge University Press. Vol. 40, No. 3
    • Zakaria, Fareed. (2011), Ayandeh, Azadi,; Olaviat Liberalism bar Democracy, translated by Amirhossein Nowroozy, Tehran, Iran: Tarheno (In Persian)
    •  
Cultural Studies & Communication
Volume 19, Issue 70
Spring 2023
Pages 153-172