Grounding dynamics are inherent components of media ecosystems, shaping media markets and fostering the development of media landscapes. This paper delves into the nature and essence of these dynamics in the context of the Iranian media ecosystem, employing a documentary method and thematic analysis technique. The findings reveal that these dynamics encompass actors and their interactions, competitive advantages, cognitive and psychological factors, norms, and market interdependencies. Findings have been show media actors are producers; regulatory bodies; supervisory regulatory body; government/State actors and consumers. Also, competitive advantages are high quality audiovisual experience; commitment to local cultural norms, values, and heritage; specialization; adherence to copyright; and establishment and expansion of local, transnational, interactive, and convergent platforms. In addition, cognitive and psychological factors are motivation and commitment; professionalism; adherence to cultural frameworks and foundations; political, economic, and governmental independence of regulatory bodies; and media literacy. Another dynamic is norms which are commitment to intellectual property; media pluralism; suitability and competence of producers; respect for human dignity; and protection of privacy and safeguarding of minors and women. Market interdependencies is the last dynamic of Iranian media ecosystem which have been focused on overall buoyancy/slump of commercial markets; interconnectedness of media markets; and synergy of these markets. This paper highlights the imperative of implementing mechanisms for enforcing all three forms of media regulation including state regulation, co-regulation, and self-regulation to foster the development of Iran's media ecosystem.
Abbasi, I. S., & Al-Sharqi, L. (2015). Media censorship: Freedom versus responsibility. Journal of Law and Conflict Resolution, 7(4), 21-24.
Ahmadi, Zaheer & Khojasteh, Hassan (2020). Professional Ethics of Media in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Concepts and Case Studies. Applied Ethics Studies, 16(39), 41-66. (In Persian)
Akbari, Kamal (2021). Intellectual Property Rights and Its Jurisprudential Foundations in New Media. Religious Media Studies, 11-12, 69-89. (In Persian)
Akrami, Khadije; Ghaffari, Hoda; & Rostami, Vali (n.d.). Media Ethics, Freedom, and Responsibility. Cultural and Communication Studies(In press). (In Persian)
Aldridge, M. (2007). Understanding the Local Media. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Alizadeh, Abdolrahman & Zardar, Zarin (2023). Tehran Audiences' Trust in IRIB News and Policies. Culture and Media, 48, 59-83. (In Persian)
Asadi, Abbas (2020). Investigating Parental Intervention Methods in Children's Media Use. Media, 31(3), 83-110. (In Persian)
Babran, Sedighe; Sharae Najati, Majid; & Mehrabi, Meghdad (2023). Challenges of Creating and Expanding Transmedia Storytelling in Iranian Media Productions. Culture-Communication Studies, 96, 113-139. (In Persian)
Bardoel, J., & d’Haenens, L. (2004). Media meet the citizen: Beyond market mechanisms and government regulations. European Journal of Communication, 19(2), 165-194.
Barkat, Mahya & Khaniqi, Hadi (2015). Representation of Cultural Ideology in Computer Games. New Media Studies, 1(4), 99-131. (In Persian)
Baydar, Y., Hulin, A., Lani, R., Mollerup, J., Turtia, T., Vilović, G., & Zlatev, O. (2011). Professional journalism and self-regulation: new media, old dilemmas in South East Europe and Turkey. Unesco.
Belmas, G., & Shepard, J. M. (2022). Major Principles of Media Law, 2023. Cengage Learning.
Bijker, W. E., & Law, J. (Eds.). (1994). Shaping technology/building society: Studies in sociotechnical change. MIT press.
Blázquez, F. J. C., Denis, G., Machet, E., McNulty, B., & European Platform of Regulatory Authorities. (2021). Media regulatory authorities and the challenges of cooperation. European Audiovisual Observatory.
Boorghani Farahani, Soheila & Mirab, Ali (2018). Creativity and Innovation in Media Organizations. Media Management, 40, 9-26. (In Persian)
Brennan, M. A. (2005). The Importance of Incorporating Local Culture into Community Development: FCS9232/FY773, 10/2005. Edis, 2005(15).
Budzinski, O., & Lindstädt, N. (2018). The new media economics of video-on-demand markets: Lessons for competition policy. Ilmenau Economics Discussion Papers, 24(116).
Burton, G. (2010). Media and society. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Calvert, S. L. (2008). Children as consumers: Advertising and marketing. The future of children, 205-234.
Campbell, A. J. (1999). Self-regulation and the media. In Regulating Audiovisual Services(pp. 131-191). Routledge.
Castro, D. (2011). Benefits and limitations of industry self-regulation for online behavioral advertising. The information technology & innovation foundation, 1(1), 1-14.
Chaffee, S. H. (1977). Mass media effects: New research perspectives. Communication research: A half-century appraisal, 210-241.
Chan-Olmsted, S. M. (2019). A review of artificial intelligence adoptions in the media industry. International journal on media management, 21(3-4), 193-215.
Clark HH, Brennan SE (1991). Grounding in communication. In: Perspectives on socially shared cognition. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp 127–149
Collins, R., & Cave, M. (2013). Media pluralism and the overlapping instruments needed to achieve it. Telecommunications Policy, 37(4-5), 311-320.
Compaine, B. M., & Gomery, D. (2000). Who owns the media?: competition and concentration in the mass media industry. Routledge.
Crawford, M. B. (2015). The world beyond your head: On becoming an individual in an age of distraction. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Danaeifar, Hassan; Babaei Mojarad, Hassan; & Safari, Mohammad (2011). Social Responsibility Theory: The Missing Link in "Organization as Media" Metaphor. Religion and Communication, 39, 35-62. (In Persian)
Davenport T, Beck Jc (2002). The Attention Economy: Understanding The New Currency of Business. Harvard Business Press.
Dehghani, Navid (2023). Impacts of Violating International Copyright Laws on Cultural/Artistic Products for Private Sector Producers. Interdisciplinary Studies in Arts and Humanities, 14, 91-114. (In Persian)
Deneen, P. J. (2019). Why liberalism failed. Yale University Press.
d'Haenaens, L., Sousa, H., & Trappel, J. (2018). Comparative media policy, regulation and governance in Europe: Unpacking the policy cycle. Intellect.
Dragomir, M. (2018). Control the money, control the media: How government uses funding to keep media in line. Journalism, 19(8), 1131-1148.
Dreyer, S., & Ziebarth, L. (2014). Participatory transparency in social media governance: combining two good practices. Journal of Information Policy, 4, 529-546.
Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of communication, 57(1), 163-173.
Esmaeilian, Malihe & Nazemi, Amir (2018). Proposing a Model for Regulating New Audiovisual Media Based on Robust Decision-Making Method. Strategic Public Policy Studies, 8(26), 119-136. (In Persian)
Espinoza-Benavides, J., Guerrero, M., & Díaz, D. (2021). Dissecting the ecosystems’ determinants of entrepreneurial re-entry after a business failure. European Business Review, 33(6), 975-998. https://doi.org/10.1108/ebr-09-2020-0222
Ewart, J. (2000). Capturing the heart of the region: How regional media define a Transformations, 1(1), 1.
Fasihi Ramandi, Mahdi (2019). Honesty in Religious Advocacy: Examining Ethical Challenges. Applied Ethics Studies, 34, 37-56. (In Persian)
Fehrer, J. A., Baker, J. J., & Carroll, C. E. (2022). The role of public relations in shaping service ecosystems for social change. Journal of Service Management, 33(4/5), 614-633.
Fengler, S. (2012). From media self-regulation to ‘crowd-criticism’: Media accountability in the digital age. Central European Journal of Communication, 5(09), 175-189.
Figueira, A. (2023). Transparency as a Quality Dimension: Media Ownership and the Challenges of (In) visibility. Comunicação e sociedade, (44), 1-22.
Flew, T. (2021). Regulating platforms. John Wiley & Sons.
Freedman, D. (2008). The politics of media policy. Polity.
Fuchs, C. (2023). Media, Economy and Society: A Critical Introduction. Taylor & Francis.
Fung, A., & Thompson, D. (2024). Conflict of interest in government: Avoiding ethical and conceptual mistakes. Governance, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12870.
Ghalibafan, Seyed Hassan & Akbari Avaz, Fateme (2021). Meta-Synthesis of Media Consumption Effects in Previous Studies. Media Quarterly, 123, 79-106. (In Persian)
Ghasemzadeh Eraghi, Morteza; Khojasteh, Hassan; & Salmani Shahmohammadi, Abdolreza (2023). Conceptual Explanation of Audiovisual Media Services in Iran (With Emphasis on EU Experience). Audiovisual Media, 17(3), 161-194. (In Persian)
Ghasemzadeh, Morteza & Mohsenian, Seyed Ali (2023). Dimensions of Regulating Audiovisual Media Services in Cyberspace and Drafting Legal Proposals. Tehran: Parliament Research Center (In Persian)
Ghezzi, A., Gastaldi, L., Lettieri, E., Martini, A., & Corso, M. (2016). A role for startups in unleashing the disruptive power of social media. International Journal of Information Management, 36(6), 1152-1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.04.007
Glozer, S., Caruana, R., & Hibbert, S. (2018). The never-ending story: discursive legitimation in social media dialogue. Organization Studies, 40(5), 625-650. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840617751006
Haldborg Jørgensen, R., & Høngsmark Knudsen, G. (2022). Media context: a literature review and research agenda. Journal of Marketing Management, 38(17-18), 1937-1957.
Hamelink, C., & Nordenstreng, K. (2007). Towards democratic media governance. In Media between culture and commerce(pp. 225-240).
Hearns-Branaman, J. O. (2016). Journalism and the philosophy of truth: Beyond objectivity and balance. Routledge.
Hesmondhalgh, D., & Baker, S. (2010). ‘A very complicated version of freedom’: Conditions and experiences of creative labour in three cultural industries. Poetics, 38(1), 4-20.
Hesmondhalgh, D., & Baker, S. (2013). Creative labour: Media work in three cultural industries. Routledge.
Hosseini Amin, Seyedeh Narges; Seyed Mirzaei, Seyed Mohammad; & Edrisi, Afsaneh (2017). Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Quality of Life Among Tehran Citizens. Social Welfare, 17(66), 223-253. (In Persian)
Hosseini, S. H. , Nosraty, N. and Tomraee, S. (2025). Children, Healthy Lifestyle and Media Literacy. Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 9(1), 1-23. doi: 10.22059/jcss.2024.387609.1120
Huhtala, J. P., Salo, J., & Leminen, S. (2011). Multichannel multimarket media services-dynamic media business models, value chains and ecosystems. Laurea Julkaisut A75.
Hulin, A., & Stone, M. (2013). The online media self-regulation guidebook. OSCE Office of the Representative on Freedom of the Media.
Irion, K., Delinavelli, G., Coutinho, M. F., Fathaigh, R. Ó., Jusić, T., Klimkiewicz, B., ... & van Til, G. (2019). The independence of media regulatory authorities in Europe. European Audiovisual Observatory.
IRNA (2023, February 12). Members of the Home Video Network Policy Drafting Committee Appointed. Retrieved June 23, 2024, from https://www.irna.ir/news/85383714(In Persian)
Ji, S. W., & Waterman, D. (2014). The impact of the internet on media industries: an economic perspective. In Society and the Internet: How networks of information and communication are changing our Lives, 149-163.
Khaniqi, Hadi & Alvandi, Pedram (2010). Citizen Media and Alternative Public Sphere. Social Sciences Quarterly, 17(51), 139-188. (In Persian)
Khojastehian, Datis; Omidi, Afshin; & Norouzi, Esmail (2019). Audience Engagement in Media: A Conceptual Framework. Media, 116, 47-69. (In Persian)
Koehler, C. and Jost, P. (2019). Revealing the hybrid patterns: conflict coverage as a product of a commercial and a normative media logic. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 24(2), 233-253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218821802
Koltay, A. (2007). The right of reply: A comparative approach. Iustum Aequum Salutare, 3, 203.
Kumar, A. and Pandey, M. (2023). Social media and impact of altruistic motivation, egoistic motivation, subjective norms, and ewom toward green consumption behavior: an empirical investigation. Sustainability, 15(5), 4222. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054222
Labafi, Somaye & Bigzadeh, Safar (2020). Media Policy-Making: Network Neutrality and Public Interest in Iran. Strategic Public Policy Studies, 10(37), 62-83. (In Persian)
Labafi, Somaye; Moradi, Erfan; & Khojastehian, Datis (2024). Institutional Analysis of Transaction Costs in Regulating Media Platform Ecosystems in Iran. Strategic Public Policy Studies, 51, 79-101. (In Persian)
Lev‐On, A. (2017). Uses and gratifications: evidence for various media. The international encyclopedia of media effects, 1-9.
Lunt, P., & Livingstone, S. (2011). Media regulation: Governance and the interests of citizens and consumers. Sage Publications, London.
Majidi Ghahrudi, Nasim; Babakhani, Sheila; & Asadi, Abbas (2024). Optimal Model of Political Culture for New Media Users in Iran. New Media Studies, 38, 109-142. (In Persian)
Manero, C. B., García-Uceda, E., & Serrano, V. O. (2013). Understanding the consumption of television programming: Development and validation of a structural model for quality, satisfaction and audience behaviour. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 5(1), 142.
Mansoubi, Hamidreza; Roshandel Arbatani, Taher; Salavatian, Siavash; & Sharifi, Seyed Mehdi (2023). Designing a Model for Developing Specialized Social Networks in Iran. Media Quarterly, 34(3), 135-159. (In Persian)
Marsden, C. T. (2004). Co-and self-regulation in European media and Internet sectors: The results of Oxford University's study. TOLLEYS COMMUNICATIONS LAW, 9, 187-195.
McCarthy, S. (2017). Teaching Google Scholar: A Practical Guide for Librarians: Paige Alfonzo, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016, ISBN: 978-1-4422-4358-3.
McGonagle, T. (2008). The promotion of cultural diversity via new media technologies: an introduction to the challenges of operationalisation. IRIS plus (Supplement to IRIS-Legal Observations of the European Audiovisual Observatory), (2008-6), 2012-17.
McQuail, Denis (2003). An Introduction to Mass Communication Theory. Translated by Parviz Ejlali. Tehran: Media Development Center (In Persian)
Mehrabanifar, Hossein (2023). Relationship Between Local Media and Grassroots Governance in Iran's Media Policies. Interdisciplinary Studies of Islamic Revolution Civilization, 7, 135-161. (In Persian)
Meyer, J. P., Becker, T. E., & Vandenberghe, C. (2004). Employee commitment and motivation: a conceptual analysis and integrative model. Journal of applied psychology, 89(6), 991.
Mohammadi, Hamid & Nasrollahi, Akbar (2021). Supreme Council of Cyberspace Strategies for New Communication Media Policy-Making. Socio-Cultural Strategy, 10(1), 127-156. (In Persian)
Mohammadi‐Nasrabadi, F., Salmani, Y., Banihashemi, S., Roudsari, A., Zargaraan, A., & Esfarjani, F. (2020). Policy challenges of food advertisements from the viewpoints of stakeholders: a qualitative study. Food Science & Nutrition, 8(4), 1949-1956. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1482
Mohseni Tunkaboni, Mohammad; Sharifi, Seyed Mehdi; & Salavatian, Siavash (2021). Transformational Strategies for IRIB News Network to Utilize Media Convergence. Strategic Cultural Studies, 3, 9-34. (In Persian)
Montazer Ghaem, Mehdi & Raouf, Masoud (2018). Pathology of TV Program Production Process (Case Study: "Moon & Honey" Program 2015). Islam and Social Studies, 21, 170-198. (In Persian)
Motamednejad, Roya (2018). Necessity of Media Pluralism in the Digital Age (and Governments' Positive Duties). Journalism Sciences, 7(3), 7-18. (In Persian)
Mottaqi, Ebrahim & Kuh-Khalil, Marjan (2014). International Media Companies and Social Development. Political Sciences, 27, 141-163. (In Persian)
Mousavi, Amirhossein (2019). Internet Governance: Key Players, Governments, and Social Media (A Meta-Synthesis Approach). Public Policy in Management, 35, 11-33. (In Persian)
Napoli, P. (2014). Automated media: an institutional theory perspective on algorithmic media production and consumption. Communication Theory, 24(3), 340-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12039
Nikoltchev, S. (Ed.). (2007). Legal aspects of video on demand. Council of Europe.
Noya, S. (2024). Collaboration with triple helix: the mediating effect of mass media in expanding smes' information access. Quality Innovation Prosperity, 28(1), 67-87. https://doi.org/10.12776/qip.v28i1.1940
Payne, G and Payne, J. (2004). Key concepts in social research. London: Sage Publication.
Picard, R. and Pickard, V. (2017). Essential Principles for Contemporary Media and Communications Policymaking. Oxford: University of Oxford.
Raeisi Dehkordi, Ardashir (2013). The Role of Mass Media in National Unity Components. Interdisciplinary Strategic Knowledge Studies, 11, 84-109. (In Persian)
Rezaee, A. and Mozaffari, M. (2023). “where got i that truth?” an analysis of external sources in english and persian news reports on syria. Discourse and Interaction, 16(1), 118-142. https://doi.org/10.5817/di2023-1-118
Ringim, K. and Reni, A. (2019). Mediating effect of social media on the consumer buying behaviour of cosmetic products.. https://doi.org/10.2991/icame-18.2019.33
Rubin, P. H. (2008). Regulation of information and advertising. Competition Policy International, 4(1), 169-192.
Saberi, Masoume (2014). Strategic Management and Media Economics. Media Management, 4-5, 5-22. (In Persian)
Sadeghi, Foad (2012). Optimal Model for Iran's Radio-Television System and Proposed Framework. Cultural Sociology, 2, 101-122. (In Persian)
Saeedi Asbokolaei, Somaye & Moghaddam Ziabari, Seyed Mehrad (2019). Factors Affecting Credibility of Advertising Messages in Media. Contemporary Research in Management and Accounting Sciences, 2, 43-58. (In Persian)
Sakhaei, S., Arsalani, A., & Nosraty, N. (2023). Media Literacy for Children: A Systematic Review. Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 7(2)
Salavatian, Siavash; Goodarzi, Gholamreza; & Torshizi, Ehsan (2021). Talent Management in Media Organizations: Factors Motivating Talents to Work in IRIB. Productivity Management, 57, 204-227. (In Persian)
Salavatian, Siavash; Nemati Anaraki, Davood; & Arzhang, Mohammad (2016). Identifying Factors Influencing Brand Image of IRIB TV Networks. Brand Management, 3(1), 69-96. (In Persian)
Salomon, E. (2008). Guidelines for broadcasting regulation. London: Commonwealth Broadcasting Association.
Scolari, C. A. (2012). Media ecology: Exploring the metaphor to expand the theory. Communication theory, 22(2), 204-225.
Sepeynji, Amir Abdolreza & Askarnia, Sara (2019). Professional Ethics in Public Relations and Its Functions. Media and Culture, 9(1), 109-125. (In Persian)
Shahali, Ahmadreza (2009). Media Ethics and Privacy: An Islamic Perspective. Media, 20(4), 43-59. (In Persian)
Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for information, 22(2), 63-75
Shirali, Esmaeil (2020). The Role of Media Literacy in Governance. Culture and Communication Letter, 5(1), 347-370. (In Persian)
Solove, D. J., & Schwartz, P. M. (2020). Privacy and the Media. Aspen Publishing.
Soroori Sarabi, A., Arsalani, A., & Toosi, R. (2020). Risk management at hazardous jobs: A new media literacy?. Socio-Spatial Studies, 4(1), 13-24. doi: 10.22034/soc.2020.212126
Stockdale, L. A., & Coyne, S. M. (2020). Bored and online: Reasons for using social media, problematic social networking site use, and behavioral outcomes across the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Journal of adolescence, 79, 173-183.
Sullivan, J. L. (2019). Media audiences: Effects, users, institutions, and power. Sage Publications.
Taghiabadi, Masoud & Taghiabadi, Hamid (2023). Online Gender Hate Speech in Social Networks (Case Study: Misogyny Among Iranian Twitter Users). Communication Research, 28(106), 175-209. (In Persian)
Talebian, S. and Talebian, H. (2018). The application of causal layered analysis to understand the present conditions and possible futures of media and politics in iran. European Journal of Futures Research, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-018-0137-9
Taqipour, Faize; Zamani, Abbas; & Esmaeili, Reza (2022). Strategies for Enhancing Transparency in Iranian Media. Media, 33(4), 271-292. (In Persian)
Tohidfam, Mohammad & Touserkani, Ali (2021). Components of Policy-Making Models in Media (Transition from Classical to New Institutionalism). Politics, 57, 135-153. (In Persian)
Towse, R. (2015). Economics and economic impact of copyright. In Handbook on the Economics of the Media (pp. 328-349). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Trencheva, T., Denchev, S., & Zdravkova, E. (2019, April). „The Media Industry and Intellectual Property Integration: Abstraction or Reality “. In Conference Proceedings: 17th International Conference of e-Society(pp. 12-20).
Tsiotsou, R. (2020). Introducing relational dialectics on actor engagement in the social media ecosystem. Journal of Services Marketing, 35(3), 349-366. https://doi.org/10.1108/jsm-01-2020-0027
Vainikka, B. (2015). Psychological factors influencing consumer behavior. Centria University of Applied Sciences, 1-42.
Van der Wilk, A. (2021). Protecting women and girls from violence in the digital age. Council of Europe, pp. 1-71.
Wang, C. L., Zhang, Y., Ye, L. R., & Nguyen, D. D. (2005). Subscription to fee-based online services: What makes consumer pay for online content?. Journal of electronic commerce research, 6(4), 304.
Webster, J., Phalen, P., & Lichty, L. (2013). Ratings analysis: Audience measurement and analytics.
Wimmer, Roger D. & Dominick, Joseph R. (2010). Mass Media Research (2nd ed.). Translated by Kavoos Seyed-Emami. Tehran: Soroush (In Persian)
Wirth, M. O. (2006). Issues in media convergence. In Handbook of media management and economics(pp. 448-465). Routledge.
Wolfsfeld, G., Sheafer, T., & Althaus, S. (2022). Using the pmp approach to assess media performance in both democratic and autocratic regimes., 134-172. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197634998.003.0006
Won, S. and Lee, J. (2022). A reconsideration of the role of local media in the process of media ecosystem change. Asia-Pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange, 8(9), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.47116/apjcri.2022.09.02
Zainalabedini, Payam & Mohammadi Bakhtiari, Behrouz (2024). Analyzing the Position of Short Films in Iran Through Audience-Centric Approach. Applied Arts, 3(2), 41-54. (In Persian)
Zolfaghari, Akbar; Niazi, Mohsen; Abshirin, Shokoufe; & Rezaei, Elham (2024). Meta-Synthesis of Designing a Model for Dimensions of Virtual Social Media Harms. Media, 35(1), 55-81. (In Persian)
Goudarzi,M. and Mohsenian,S. A. (2025). Grounding Dynamics of Iranian Media Ecosystem Development. Cultural Studies & Communication, 20(77), 91-150. doi: 10.22034/jcsc.2025.2034228.2756
MLA
Goudarzi,M. , and Mohsenian,S. A. . "Grounding Dynamics of Iranian Media Ecosystem Development", Cultural Studies & Communication, 20, 77, 2025, 91-150. doi: 10.22034/jcsc.2025.2034228.2756
HARVARD
Goudarzi M., Mohsenian S. A. (2025). 'Grounding Dynamics of Iranian Media Ecosystem Development', Cultural Studies & Communication, 20(77), pp. 91-150. doi: 10.22034/jcsc.2025.2034228.2756
CHICAGO
M. Goudarzi and S. A. Mohsenian, "Grounding Dynamics of Iranian Media Ecosystem Development," Cultural Studies & Communication, 20 77 (2025): 91-150, doi: 10.22034/jcsc.2025.2034228.2756
VANCOUVER
Goudarzi M., Mohsenian S. A. Grounding Dynamics of Iranian Media Ecosystem Development. Cultural Studies & Communication, 2025; 20(77): 91-150. doi: 10.22034/jcsc.2025.2034228.2756
