Authors

1 Ph.D. Specialist in International Relations, Faculty of Literature & Humanities, University of Guilan, Iran

2 Professor of International Relations, University of Guilan

Abstract

In the last decade, the political use of modern communication technologies, especially Internet social networks, has become more common in international relations. Hence, studying the impacts of this phenomenon is significantly important   not only for scholars, but also for politicians and decision-makers. It is essential for both groups to understand and adequately identify the dimensions of this new phenomenon. In this regard, an analysis of international politics would not be possible without a careful examination of the impact of the Internet, as in the recent political changes in the Middle East, the so-called Arab Spring and Islamic Awakening, social networks impacted the process of shaping and transforming the protests against authoritarianism. In this research, we analyze the nature of social networks and their influence in the role played by states in international relations. 

Keywords

- الوند، فاطمه، (1390)، شبکه‏های اجتماعی و تحولات خاورمیانه، نشریۀ روابط فرهنگی؛ شمارۀ 1، شهریور.
- چاووشی، محمد صادق؛ دانشوری، حسین، (1381)، «تروریسم در فضای سایبر»، مدرسه حقوق؛ 75.
- حبیب‌زاده، طاهر، (1391)، حقوق فناوری اطلاعات، چاپ اوّل، تهران: مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس، جلد اوّل.
حبیب، کمال السعید، (٢٠٠٢)، الحرکة الإسلامیة من المواجهة إلى المراجعة، القاهرة: مکتبة مدبولی.
- خانیکی، ‏هادی، (1391)، جنبش‏های ضد دیکتاتوری در غیاب جامعۀ مدنی، ماهنامه نسیم بیداری؛ شمارۀ 26، اردیبهشت.
- قاجار قیونلو ، سیامک، (1391)، مقدمۀ حقوق سایبر، چاپ اوّل، تهران: نشر میزان.
- کاستلز، مانوئل، (1389)، عصر اطلاعات (ظهور جامعۀ شبکه‌ای)، مترجمان: احد علیقلیان و افشین خاکباز، تهران: انتشارات طرح نو، چاپ ششم، جلد اوّل.
-  نش، کیت. (1389)، جامعه‌شناسی سیاسی معاصر، ترجمه: محمدتقی دلفروز، نشر کویر
- Allagui, Ilhem. (2017). Internet in the Middle East: an asymmetrical model of development, Internet Histories:Digital Technology, Culture and Society. (1-2)1.
- Andrew Bourne، Paul: (2010). Unconventional political participation in a Middle income Developing Country, Current Research Journal of Social Sciences. 2(3): .196-203.
 - Bell, Wendell. (1998). "Foundations of Futures Studies: Volume 1: History, Purposes, and Knowledge", (Human Science for a New Era Series), 1st Edition, New York, Rutledge.
- Boyd, d. m., & Ellison, N. B. (2007)." Social network sites". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, V13, article 11.
-- Castells, Manuel (1999) the Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume 1.
- Dalacoura, Katerina. (2012). "The 2011 uprisings in the Arab Middle East: political change and geopolitical implications". International Affairs, 88(1): .63-79
- Du Y. R. (2016). Same events, different stories: Internet censorship in the Arab Spring seen from China. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly,93(1), 99-117.
- Elena, M. (2016). Framing international media in the face of social movements: CNN and Al Jazeera English in the fall of Morsi. Communication and Society, 29(3), 119-130.
- “Egypt: Introductory Survey”; in The Europa World Year Book 2011; 52nd edition; Vol. 1; London & New York: Routledge.
- Howard, P.N., Duffy, A., Freelon, D., Hussain, M., Mari, W.&Mazaid, M. (2011). Opening Closed Regimes: What Was the Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring?. Seattle: PIPTI. Retrieved May 22, 2012 from http://pitpi.org/index.php/11/09/2011/opening-closed-regimes-what-was-the-role-of-social-media-during-the-arab-spring/
- Orr, Allison. (2007), "Political Participation and Web 2.0". University of New South Wales, 1-16.
- Stepanova, Ekaterina. (2011). "The Role of Information Communication Technologies in the “Arab Spring”: Implications beyond Region. PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo. May. No. 159.
- Sebastián Valenzuela, NamsuPark and Kerk F. Kee. (2008). " Lessons from Facebook: The Effect of Social Network Sites on College Students’ Social Capital". Submitted to the 9th International Symposium on Online Journalism Austin, Texas, April 4-5.
-  Vecchione, M., Caprara, G. V. (2009). Personality determinants of political participation: The contribution of traits and self-efficacy beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 487-492.