Allcott, H. , & Gentzkow, M (2017) Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of economic perspectives, 31 (2) , 211-36.
Aro, J (2016) The cyberspace war: propaganda and trolling as warfare tools. European View, 15 (1) , 121-132.
Balmas, M (2014) When fake news becomes real: Combined exposure to multiple news sources and political attitudes of inefficacy, alienation, and cynicism. Communication Research, 41 (3) , 430-454.
Boyatnzis, R. E (1998) Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. sage.
Braun, V. , & Clarke, V (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3 (2) , 77-101.
Burkhardt, J. M (2017) Combating fake news in the digital age. American Library Association, 53 (8) , 5-9.
Busselle, R. W. , & Greenberg, B. S (2000) The nature of television realism judgments: A reevaluation of their conceptualization and measurement. Mass Communication & Society, 3 (2-3) , 249-268.
Del Vicario, M. , Vivaldo, G. , Bessi, A. , Zollo, F. , Scala, A. , Caldarelli, G. , & Quattrociocchi, W (2016) Echo chambers: Emotional contagion and group polarization on facebook. Scientific reports, 6, 37825.
DiFranzo, D. , & Gloria, M. J. K (2017) Filter bubbles and fake news. ACM Crossroads, 23 (3) , 32-35.
Elder-Vass, D (2012) The reality of social construction. Cambridge University Press.
Faghihi, R (2018) The App Destroying Iran’s Currency (2018, November 22) https://foreignpolicy. com/2018/11/22/the-app-destroying-irans-currency.
Fallis, D (2004) On verifying the accuracy of information: philosophical perspectives. Library trends, 52 (3) , 463-487.
Fokin, A (2016) Internet Trolling as a Tool of Hybrid Warfare: The Case of Latvia.
Fuchs, C (2009) Information and communication technologies and society: A contribution to the critique of the political economy of the Internet. European Journal of Communication, 24 (1) , 69-87.
Gallagher, Kerry & Magid, Larry (2017) Media Literacy & Fake News. Connect Safely.
Gerlitz, C. , & Helmond, A (2013) The like economy: Social buttons and the data-intensive web. New media & society, 15 (8) , 1348-1365.
Hassan, N. A., & Hijazi, R. (2018). Open Source Intelligence Methods and Tools. Apress.
Holton, A. E. , & Lewis, S. C (2011) Journalists, social media, and the use of humor on Twitter. Electronic Journal of Communication, 21 (1/2) , 1-22.
Hussain, Murtaza (2019) An Iranian Activist Wrote Dozens of Articles for Right-Wing Outlets. But Is He a Real Person. The Intercept. Published in June 9, 2019. https://theintercept. com/2019/06/09/heshmat-alavi-fake-iran-mek/.
Kahneman, D (2011) Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan.
Kershner, J. W (2011) Elements of News Writing. Pearson Higher Ed.
Lavin, Rachel & Roland Adorjani (2018) L’Irlande a déjà trouvé la parade aux fake news (mais on ne pourra pas la reproduire) Slate, 13 June.
McGonagle, T (2017) “Fake news” False fears or real concerns?. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 35 (4) , 203-209.
McKnight, D. H. , & Chervany, N. L (2001) Trust and distrust definitions: One bite at a time. In Trust in Cyber-societies (pp. 27-54) Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Mecacci, A (2016) Aesthetics of Fake. An Overview. Aisthesis. Pratiche, linguaggi e saperi dell’estetico, 9 (2) , 59-69.
Mele, N. , Lazer, D. , Baum, M. , Grinberg, N. , Friedland, L. , Joseph, K & Mattsson, C (2017) Combating fake news: An agenda for research and action. Di https://www. hks. harvard. edu/publications/combating-fake-news-agenda-research-and-action (Retrieved October 17, 2018)
Monti, F. , Frasca, F. , Eynard, D. , Mannion, D. , & Bronstein, M. M (2019) Fake News Detection on Social Media using Geometric Deep Learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1902. 06673.
Nimmo, Ben (2018) In his hearing before the Singaporean committee. February 22, 2018.
Nonnecke, B. , & Preece, J (2003) Silent participants: Getting to know lurkers better. In From usenet to CoWebs (pp. 110-132) Springer, London.
Nyst, C. , & Monaco, N (2018) State-sponsored trolling: how governments are deploying disinformation as part of broader digital harassment campaigns. Institute for the Future.
Paul, C. , & Matthews, M (2016) The Russian “firehose of falsehood” propaganda model. Rand Corporation, 2-7.
Rotter, J. B (1980) Interpersonal trust, trustworthiness, and gullibility. American psychologist, 35 (1) , 1.
Shieber, J (2015) Testimony: A philosophical introduction. Routledge.
Shu, K. , Bernard, H. R. , & Liu, H (2019) Studying fake news via network analysis: detection and mitigation. In Emerging Research Challenges and Opportunities in Computational Social Network Analysis and Mining (pp. 43-65) Springer, Cham.
Shu, K. , Sliva, A. , Wang, S. , Tang, J. , & Liu, H (2017) Fake news detection on social media: A data mining perspective. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 19 (1) , 22-36.
Spratt, H. E. , & Agosto, D. E (2017) Fighting Fake News: Because we all deserve the truth: Programming ideas for teaching teens media literacy. Young Adult Library Services, 15 (4) , 17.
Spratt, H. E. , & Agosto, D. E (2017) Fighting Fake News: Because we all deserve the truth: Programming ideas for teaching teens media literacy. Young Adult Library Services, 15 (4) , 17.
Sunstein, C. R (2006) Infotopia: How many minds produce knowledge. Oxford University Press.
Szwed, R. , & Szwed, R (2016) Framing of the Ukraine-Russia conflict in online and social media. NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence.
Tandoc Jr, E. C. , Lim, Z. W. , & Ling, R (2018) Defining “fake news” A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital journalism, 6 (2) , 137-153.
Thompson, C (2017) Fake News 101: The New Civics Course in US Schools?. Washington Times.
Torres, R. , Gerhart, N. , & Negahban, A (2018, January) Combating fake news: An investigation of information verification behaviors on social networking sites. In Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
Turner, J. C. , & Tajfel, H (1986) The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. Psychology of intergroup relations, 5, 7-24.
Venturini, T (2019) FROM FAKE TO JUNK NEWS. Data Politics: Worlds, Subjects, Rights.
Wallner, P. F. (1993). Open sources and the intelligence community: myths and realities. American Intelligence Journal, 14(2/3), 19-24.
Wang, H. , Can, D. , Kazemzadeh, A. , Bar, F. , & Narayanan, S (2012, July) A system for real-time twitter sentiment analysis of 2012 us presidential election cycle. In Proceedings of the ACL 2012 system demonstrations (pp. 115-120) Association for Computational Linguistics.
Zafarani, R. , Abbasi, M. A. , & Liu, H (2014) Social media mining: an introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Zeifman, I (2015) Bot traffic report: Humans take back the Web, bad bots not giving any ground. Incapsula. com.
Zhou, X. , & Zafarani, R (2019, May) Fake News Detection: An Interdisciplinary Research. In Companion Proceedings of the 2019 World Wide Web Conference (pp. 1292-1292) ACM.
)