انجمن مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطاتمطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات2008-557531020080220Clifford Geertz and his Look at Religion and Cultureکلیفورد گیرتز و دﻳﺪﮔﺎه تقسیری او در ﺑﺎب دﻳﻦ و فرهنگ12844330FAعبدالله گیویاندانشگاه صدا و سیماJournal Article20200816Unquestionably, Clifford Geertz was one of the most important and influential contemporary Anthropologists. Trying to overcome the conflict between interpretation and explanation, he improved the intellectual position of anthropology amongst the humanities and social sciences. With this in mind, his position among Anthropologists can be compared with Max Weber as a Sociologist. Knowing Weber through the American Sociologist Parsons, he tried to apply an interpretative reading of culture and cultural phenomena. His attempts to clarify the relationship between «Society» and «Culture», is one of his valuable legacies. Pointing to culture as an independent entity and being concerned about its priority over society, he improved on an approach called Culturalist – Symbolist by some scholars. An efficient tool at his hand was the concept of ritual. Despite his popularity in other countries, it seems that Iranian students are not sufficiently informed about him. This article is a humble attempt to introduce some of his views and to show in which sense he should be seen as a promoter of an interpretative approach. In doing so, this article reviews his main ideas about culture and religion and through one of his popular experimental works, Cockfight, tries to show how he used a ritual as a text to interpret a culture.ﺑﻲ ﺗﺮدﻳﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﻔﻮرد ﮔﻴﺮﺗﺰ از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ و اﺛﺮﮔﺬارﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮدم ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻗﺮارﻛﺮدن ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ
ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ و ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﺪﻣﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ارﺗﻘﺎی ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﻣﺮدم ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ در ﻣﻴﺎن داﻧﺸﻬﺎی اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ و
اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ .ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه او را در ﻣﺮدم ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ و دﻳﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه
ﻣﺎﻛﺲ وﺑﺮ در ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻛﺮد .او از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺎﻟﻜﻮت ﭘﺎرﺳﻨﺰ ﺑﺎ آرای ﻣﺎﻛﺲ وﺑﺮ آﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪ و
ﺗﻼش ﻛﺮد ﺗﻔﻬﻴﻢ و ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ را در ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ و ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﻫﺎی ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﻨﺪد .ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ
داﻧﺴﺖ .او ﺑﺎ «ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ» و «ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ»ﻣﻮارﻳﺚ ﻧﻈﺮی و ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺗﺰ را ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎی او در ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ راﺑﻄﻪ
از ﭘﻴﺶ،ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪن اﺳﺘﻘﻼل و اوﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺮای ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻗﺮاوﻻن روﻳﻜﺮدی اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﻞ آن را
"فرهنگ نمادگرا" می ﺧﻮاﻧﺪ .اﺑﺰار ﺗﺌﻮرﻳﻚ ﻛﺎرآﻣﺪ ﮔﻴﺮﺗﺰ در اﺗﺨﺎذ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اﻳﻦ روﻳﻜﺮد ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮی
و ﻣﻌﻨﺎﮔﺮا، آﺋﻴﻦ اﺳﺖ .ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﻳﻦ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ آرای ﮔﻴﺮﺗﺰ ﺑﺮای داﻧﺶ ﭘﮋوﻫﺎن اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ
ﭼﻨﺪان ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ .ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺗﻼش ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ از آرای ﮔﻴﺮﺗﺰ اراﺋﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ و ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ
ﻛﻪ او را ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﮔﺮا داﻧﺴﺖ .اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ و ﻣﺮوری ﺑﺮ روﻳﻜﺮد ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮی
ﮔﻴﺮﺗﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ و دﻳﻦ و ﻣﺮوری ﺑﺮ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻲ او در ﺟﺰاﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ او
ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ از آﺋﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﺮای ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ. انجمن مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطاتمطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات2008-557531020080220Rural Society in the Mirror of Iranian Cinematography A consideration of Films between 1932-1978ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ در آﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎی اﻳﺮان 1357 ﺗﺎ 1311ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﻬﺎی295044331FAمصطفی ازکیااستاد دانشگاه تهرانحسین میرزاییاﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮاناحسان جوانمردکارشناس ارشد توسعه روستایی دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20200816The basic subject of this paper is considering of the relation between social changes of rural society and Iranian Cinematography works from novel up to formation of this art up to 1978. Also it is considered to have a consideration of this relation and quality of rural society realities. Theoretical framework of this essay is based upon the reflexive theory . According to this approach, art including a wide scope of researches based upon this common idea that the art is the mirror of society or the art may be conditional and specified due to the art. Documentary method has been used in this essay for specifying the major changes of rural society and historical separation of considered years as well. For better understanding of the structure and application of cinematography works, we used the qualitative content analysis method. According to the findings of this essay, only %9 of rural cinematography films made for showing the reality. Also we could found out that there is a meaningful relation between governmental programs and any change of cinema applications through the mentioned period. Performing the most important governmental program in villages (Land reforms) in 1962 is a common reference point of social changes in rural society and any changes of concepts and applications of rural cinematography through the mentioned period. The most important outputs of rural cinematography before revolution is hiding of reality, advertising for government and enrichment of people for accepting the new culture and new attitudes. Any criticism of relations between master and man in cinema after (Land reforms) are the clearest results of correlation of social/ economic changes of rural society with the content of cinematography filmﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﻮری اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ آﺛـﺎر ﺳـﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻳـﺮان از اﺳﺖ .در اﻳﻦ رﻫﮕﺬر ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ اﻳـﻦ راﺑﻄـﻪ و ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ 1357 زﻣﺎن ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮی اﻳﻦ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺗﺎ سال ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب واﻗﻌﻴﺎت ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲاﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب اﺳﺘﻮار اﺳـﺖ ِ .ﻣﻄﻤﺢ ﻧﻈﺮ است ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻈﺮی .ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ اﻳﻦ روﻳﻜﺮد، ﻫﻨﺮ آﻳﻨﻪ و اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ از ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺸﺮو ط ﺷﺪه و ﺗﻌﻴﻦ ﻣـﻲ ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ .در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ از روش اﺳﻨﺎدی ﺑﺮای ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻋﻤﺪه ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ روﺳﺘﺎﻳ ﻲ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻔﻜﻴـﻚ ﺗـﺎریخی ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎی ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤ ﺚ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮده اﻳﻢ .ﺑﺮای درک ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد آﺛﺎر ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ در روﻧﺪ اﻳـﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ درﺻـﺪ از ﻓﻴﻠﻤﻬـﺎی9 روش ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ای ﻛﻴﻔ ﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸـﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ تنها ، ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎی روﺳﺘ ﺎﻳﻲ ذﻳﻞ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﻧﺸﺎن دادن واﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ میان ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎی ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدﻫﺎی ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎ در ﻃـﻮل دوره ﻣـﻮرد ﺑﺤـﺚ راﺑﻄـﻪ ﻣﻌﻨـﺎداری وﺟـﻮد دارد .ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻋﻄﻒ ﻣﺸـﺘﺮک ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮات 1341 اﺟﺮای ﻣﻬ ﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ دوﻟﺖ در روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎ)اﺻﻼﺣﺎت ارﺿ ﻲ (در ﺳﺎل اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻀﺎﻣﻴﻦ و ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدﻫﺎی ﺳـﻴﻨﻤﺎی روﺳـﺘﺎﻳﻲ در ﻃـﻮل دوره ﻣـﻮرد ﺑﺤـﺚ اﺳﺖ.واﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﺮﻳﺰی، ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﺑﺮای ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ و اﻗﻨﺎع ﻣﺮدم ﺑﺮای ﭘـﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮓ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ و ﻧﮕﺮﺷـﻬﺎی ﻧـﻮ، از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدﻫﺎی ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎی روﺳﺘﺎ ﻳﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ از اﻧﻘﻼب اﺳﺖ .ﻧﻘﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت ارﺑﺎب و رﻋﻴﺖ در ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎی ﺑﻌﺪ از اﺻﻼﺣﺎت ارﺿﻲ، روﺷﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮد ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ، اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ روﺳـﺘﺎ ﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻮای ﻓﻴﻠﻤﻬﺎی ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﻲ رودانجمن مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطاتمطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات2008-557531020080220Rural Society in the Mirror of Iranian Cinematography A consideration of Films between 1932-1978ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ در آﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎی اﻳﺮان 1357 ﺗﺎ 1311ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﻬﺎی295044332FAJournal Article20200816The basic subject of this paper is considering of the relation between social changes of rural society and Iranian Cinematography works from novel up to formation of this art up to 1978. Also it is considered to have a consideration of this relation and quality of rural society realities. Theoretical framework of this essay is based upon the reflexive theory . According to this approach, art including a wide scope of researches based upon this common idea that the art is the mirror of society or the art may be conditional and specified due to the art. Documentary method has been used in this essay for specifying the major changes of rural society and historical separation of considered years as well. For better understanding of the structure and application of cinematography works, we used the qualitative content analysis method. According to the findings of this essay, only %9 of rural cinematography films made for showing the reality. Also we could found out that there is a meaningful relation between governmental programs and any change of cinema applications through the mentioned period. Performing the most important governmental program in villages (Land reforms) in 1962 is a common reference point of social changes in rural society and any changes of concepts and applications of rural cinematography through the mentioned period. The most important outputs of rural cinematography before revolution is hiding of reality, advertising for government and enrichment of people for accepting the new culture and new attitudes. Any criticism of relations between master and man in cinema after (Land reforms) are the clearest results of correlation of social/ economic changes of rural society with the content of cinematography filmﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﻮری اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ آﺛـﺎر ﺳـﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻳـﺮان از اﺳﺖ .در اﻳﻦ رﻫﮕﺬر ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ اﻳـﻦ راﺑﻄـﻪ و ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ 1357 زﻣﺎن ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮی اﻳﻦ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺗﺎ سال ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب واﻗﻌﻴﺎت ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲاﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب اﺳﺘﻮار اﺳـﺖ ِ .ﻣﻄﻤﺢ ﻧﻈﺮ است ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻈﺮی .ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ اﻳﻦ روﻳﻜﺮد، ﻫﻨﺮ آﻳﻨﻪ و اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ از ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺸﺮو ط ﺷﺪه و ﺗﻌﻴﻦ ﻣـﻲ ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ .در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ از روش اﺳﻨﺎدی ﺑﺮای ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻋﻤﺪه ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ روﺳﺘﺎﻳ ﻲ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻔﻜﻴـﻚ ﺗـﺎریخی ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎی ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤ ﺚ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮده اﻳﻢ .ﺑﺮای درک ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد آﺛﺎر ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ در روﻧﺪ اﻳـﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ درﺻـﺪ از ﻓﻴﻠﻤﻬـﺎی9 روش ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ای ﻛﻴﻔ ﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸـﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ تنها ، ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎی روﺳﺘ ﺎﻳﻲ ذﻳﻞ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﻧﺸﺎن دادن واﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ میان ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎی ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدﻫﺎی ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎ در ﻃـﻮل دوره ﻣـﻮرد ﺑﺤـﺚ راﺑﻄـﻪ ﻣﻌﻨـﺎداری وﺟـﻮد دارد .ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻋﻄﻒ ﻣﺸـﺘﺮک ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮات 1341 اﺟﺮای ﻣﻬ ﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ دوﻟﺖ در روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎ)اﺻﻼﺣﺎت ارﺿ ﻲ (در ﺳﺎل اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻀﺎﻣﻴﻦ و ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدﻫﺎی ﺳـﻴﻨﻤﺎی روﺳـﺘﺎﻳﻲ در ﻃـﻮل دوره ﻣـﻮرد ﺑﺤـﺚ اﺳﺖ.واﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﺮﻳﺰی، ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﺑﺮای ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ و اﻗﻨﺎع ﻣﺮدم ﺑﺮای ﭘـﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮓ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ و ﻧﮕﺮﺷـﻬﺎی ﻧـﻮ، از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدﻫﺎی ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎی روﺳﺘﺎ ﻳﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ از اﻧﻘﻼب اﺳﺖ .ﻧﻘﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت ارﺑﺎب و رﻋﻴﺖ در ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎی ﺑﻌﺪ از اﺻﻼﺣﺎت ارﺿﻲ، روﺷﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮد ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ، اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ روﺳـﺘﺎ ﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻮای ﻓﻴﻠﻤﻬﺎی ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﻲ رودانجمن مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطاتمطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات2008-557531020080220A Study on the Effect of Internet Usage on Leisure Activitiesﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ پیامدهای ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺘﻰ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺮ رفتارهای ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺘﻰ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺎﻥ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻧﻰ517844333FAسیلمان پاک سرشتعضو هیات علمی دانشگاه بوعلی سیناحسین نوری نیاﻋﻀﻮ هیت ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻜﺪه فرهنگ و هنر ﺟﻬﺎد داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲJournal Article20200816This research aims to study how the time and pattern of leisure and cultural activities is affected by Internet use in youth aged 15-30 years old. The study took advantage of the Youth National Organization’s 2005 data collection on leisure activities which used a national sample of 13000 youths aged between 15 to 30 across the country. The findings show that Internet users have more time for leisure and cultural activities than non-Internet users (31 hours versus 28 hours per week). Other results indicate that the communicative function of the Internet has raised the quality and quantity of relationships of Internet users. The impacts of Internet usage on media consumption has no simple pattern; in regards to television viewing it has a replacement effect, while a positive impact on reading as a leisure activity. It was found that the Internet has increased the time for individual and social activities via expanding the friendship networks of Internet users.ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧـﺖ در رﻓﺘﺎرﻫـﺎی ﻓﺮاﻏﺘـﻲ ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮان ﺟﻮان اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ در ﺗﻬﺮان و ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ داده ﻫﺎی ﻣﺮﺑـﻮ ط ﺑـﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬـﺎی ﻓﺮاﻏﺘـﻲ آﻧـﺎن ﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﺳﺆال اﺻﻠﻲ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﭼـﻪ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮی ﺑـﺮ ﻣﻴـﺰان زﻣـﺎن اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ و اﻟﮕﻮی اﻧﺠﺎم ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎی ﻓﺮاﻏﺘﻲ ﺟﻮاﻧﺎن ﺑـﺮ ﺟـﺎی ﮔﺬا ﺷـﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ؟ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻫـﺎی ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در ﺧﺼﻮص زﻣﺎن اﺧﺘﺼﺎصﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎی ﻓﺮاﻏﺘﻲ ﺣﺎﻛﻲ از آن اﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮان اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ زﻣﺎن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮی را ﺻﺮف رﻓﺘﺎرﻫـﺎی ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻲ و ﻓﺮاﻏﺘـﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻛـﺎرﻛﺮد ﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎی ﻓﺮاﻏﺘﻲ دارای ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﻏﺎﻟﺐ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ارﺗﻘﺎی ﻛﻴﻔﻲ و ﻛﻤﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﻳﺖ رواﺑﻂ دوﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻓﺮاﻏﺖ رﺳﺎﻧﻪ ای، ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ واﺣـﺪی ﺪارد. ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﺷﺎی ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮن، از اﻟﮕﻮی ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ، در ارﺗﺒـﺎط ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮش دادن ﺑﻪ رادﻳﻮ، از اﻟﮕﻮی دوﮔﺎﻧﻪ و در ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﺘـﺎب، روزﻧﺎﻣـﻪ و ﻣﺠﻠـﻪ، از اﻟﮕـﻮی ارﺗﻘﺎء ﭘﻴﺮوی ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ .در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺮ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫـﺎی ﻓﺮاﻏﺘـﻲ ﺳـﺮﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨـﺪه ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮی ﺗﺮﻏﻴﺐ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه دارد . انجمن مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطاتمطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات2008-557531020080220Gender Representation in Iranian cinemaشیوه بازنمایی جنسیت در سینمای ایران799844334FAمهدی سلطانی گردفرامرزیهیت علمی جهاد دانشگاهی واحد تربیت معلممحمد مهدی رحمتیگروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، گیلانJournal Article20200816Studying cinema as a social and cultural phenomenon can lead us to the under-lying layers of social life. This aim has been pursued in this study through analysis of representation of gender relationships in feature films made after the Islamic Revolution. The opening question of this study is how gender inequality has been constructed in feature films after the Islamic Revolution. How does the way each genders confronts social issues differ meaningfully? The theoretical framework of this study was based on Feminist theory according to which gender relationships have been studied in Iranian cinema. In this study a total of 62 feature films have been analyzed using content analysis and the result proves all the hypotheses. These hypotheses confirm the existence of gender inequality in Iranian cinema in favor of men. Therefore, according to feminist theory, Iranian cinema can be considered patriarchal in regards to representation and construction of genderﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ، ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎی ﺣﻴﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺎن ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ .ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﺪﻓﻲ در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺎوش وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺘﻲ در ﻓﻴﻠﻤﻬﺎی ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺲ از اﻧﻘﻼب اﺳﻼﻣﻲ دﻧﺒﺎل ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد .ﭘﺮﺳﺶ آﻏﺎزﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪذ ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮﻳﻬﺎی ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺘﻲ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ در ﻓﻴﻠﻤﻬﺎی ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺲ از اﻧﻘﻼب ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ و ﺑﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؟ آﻳﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ دو ﺟﻨﺲ در اﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﻬﺎ، در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ از ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎی اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﺎداری دارد؟ ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻈﺮی در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ، ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻤﻴﻨﻴﺴﺘﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ آن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺘﻲ در ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎی اﻳﺮان ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد. ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ از ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎی ﭘﺲ از اﻧﻘﻼب ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮا ﻣﻮرد 62در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ، ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آن ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺖ از ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎت در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ دارد .ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺆﻳﺪ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮی ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺘﻲ در ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎی اﻳﺮان ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮد ﻣﺮدان و ﺿﺮر زﻧﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎی ﭘﺲ از اﻧﻘﻼب ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ روﻳﻜﺮد ﻧﻈﺮی ﻓﻤﻴﻨﻴﺴﺘﻲ، ﭘﺪرﺳﺎﻻری را در رواﺑﻂ دو ﺟﻨﺲﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ و ﺑﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ. انجمن مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطاتمطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات2008-557531020080220Confronting the Other: A reading of three Persian novels in light of the Westoxification discourseدر ﻣﺼﺎف ﺑﺎ دﻳﮕﺮی (ﺑﺎزﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﺳﻪ رﻣﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ در ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﺰدﮔﻲ)9913144335FAیوسف اباذریدانشگاه تهرانشاپور بهیان.اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر و ﻋﻀﻮ هیاتﻋﻠﻤﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪJournal Article20200816In this article we have examined three novels, all written in the 1340’s, including Savashun written by Simin Daneshvar, The Lost Lamb of Raie and Prince Ehtejab written by Hushang Golshiri. We have read these novels against the backdrop of the Westoxification discourse, which embodies nostalgic feelings towards tradition and its lost integrity, condemnation of pro-West intellectuals, hatred towards the West as the producer of material and spiritual destruction. The writings of Al-Ahmad often show that the West, from the outset, has tried to degrade and destroy the Islamic world and for this aim has exploited various means and conspiracies, and has in fact succeeded in destroying Islamic totality. This destruction of Islamic totality has been depicted through the destruction of Zari’s family in Savashun and the dispersal of the herd in The Lost Lamb of Raie, and in the disorganization and re-evaluation of messages found in all three novels.در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﻮﺷﻴﺪه اﻳﻢ دو رﻣﺎن ﺷﺎزده اﺣﺘﺠﺎب و ﺑﺮه ﮔﻤﺸﺪه راﻋﻲ اﺛﺮ ﻫﻮﺷﻨﮓ ﮔﻠﺸﻴﺮی و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎز40رﻣﺎن ﺳﻮوﺷﻮن ﺳﻴﻤﻴﻦ داﻧﺸﻮر را ﺑﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻚ دوره ﺧﺎص ﻳﻌﻨﻲ دﻫﻪ ﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ. اﻳﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن را ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﺰدﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺗﻴﻔﻬﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ اﺳﺖ از ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺣﺴﺮت ﺑﺮ ﺳﻨﺖ و از دﺳﺖ رﻓﺘﻦ ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﮕﻲ آن؛ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﺮ روﺷﻨﻔﻜﺮ ﻃﺮﻓﺪار ﻏﺮب و ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﺮای دادن ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ از او، ﺑﻴﺰاری از ﻏﺮب و ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ وﻳﺮاﻧﻴﻬﺎ و ﻣﺼﻴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﭼﻪ ﻣﺎدی و ﭼﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻮی داﻧﺴﺘﻦ آن و از اﻳﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ .ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺗﻴﻨﻬﺎ را در ﺧﻮد ﻣﺘﺒﻠﻮر ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ، ﻛﺘﺎب ﻏﺮﺑﺰدﮔﻲ ﺟﻼل آل اﺣﻤﺪ اﺳﺖ .در اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب آل اﺣﻤﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺮب از ﻫﻤﺎن آﻏﺎز ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮی اش در ﺻﺪد ﺿﺮﺑﻪ زدن و ﻧﺎﺑﻮد ﻛﺮدن ﺟﻬﺎن اﺳﻼم ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ؛ و در اﻳﻦ راه از اﻧﻮاع ﺣﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎ و دﺳﺎﺋﺲ و ﺗﻮﻃﺌﻪ ﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ .در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻏﺮب ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ اﺑﺰار ﻛﻠﻴﺖ اﺳﻼﻣﻲ را ﻧﺎﺑﻮد ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ .ﻧﺎﺑﻮدی اﻳﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺖ در ﺳﻮوﺷﻮن ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻧﺎﺑﻮدی ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده زری ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و در ﺑﺮه ﮔﻤﺸﺪه راﻋﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه ﺷﺪن ﮔﻠﻪ و از ﻫﻢ ﭘﺎﺷﻴﺪن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ و ﺑﻲ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺷﺪن ﻋﻤﻞ ﭘﻴﺎم آوری.انجمن مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطاتمطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات2008-557531020080220Dialogues made in Recourse: Opportunities for Experience and Resistanceﮔﻔﺖ ﻭ گوهای ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭپاتوق هاﻓﺮﺻﺘﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺎﻥ13116244336FAمانی کلانیکارشناس ارشد دانشگاه علامه طباطباییJournal Article20200816Community” and “dialogue” are two basic concepts of Sociology and Critical Theory outlined by classical sociological theories. However, these terms have not historically been used within the discourses of Cultural Studies. Attention has been paid to their humanistic and abstract roots but their tangible and experimental dimensions have not yet been dealt with. Within Anthropological thought also the objective truths of the concepts “community” and “dialogue” have not been addressed although Foucault’s focuses on issues of “power” and “space” and Habermas’ concept of“communicative action” have tried to materialise these issues within social sciences. In this article we show that such issues are not merely subjects of intellectual elite discussions. We adopt an experimental orientation in our methodology to see how much “community” and “dialogue” play an impotant role in the everyday life of Tehrani youth. We ask how much the youth are aware and interested in experiencing these terms within their daily lives. Based on our evaluation we can now conclude wether or not participation in youth gatherings and discussions has resulted in the acquisition of a more free and autonomous identity. <br /><br />روح ﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎن اﺟﺘﻤﺎع ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه در ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ دو ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻛﻠﻴﺪی ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ اﻣﺎ دﻳﺮزﻣﺎﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در درون ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺎدی ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ؛ وﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﺔ اﻧﺴﺎن ﮔﺮاﻳﺎﻧﻪ و ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪی اﻧﺘﺰاﻋﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﺸﺪه ﺗﺎ ﻣﺼﺎدﻳﻖ ﻣﻠﻤﻮس و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ، ﻓﻮﻛﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺮح ﻛﺮدن ﺑﺤﺚ ﻓﻀﺎ و ﻗﺪرت و ﻫﺎﺑﺮﻣﺎس ﻧﻴﺰ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻛﻨﺶ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺗﻼش ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ را ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﺮ در ﻋﻠﻮم اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻃﺮح ﻛﻨﻨﺪ .در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻧﺸﺎن دادن اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺮای ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎی روﺷﻨﻔﻜﺮاﻧﺔ ﻧﺨﺒﮕﺎن ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ، ﺟﻬﺖ ﮔﻴﺮی اﺻﻠﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺣﺪ اﺟﺘﻤﺎع ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﻪ و ﺻﻤﻴﻤﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ در ﭘﺎﺗﻮﻗﻬﺎ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮ در زﻧﺪﮔﻲ روزﻣﺮه ﺟﻮاﻧﺎن ﺗﻬﺮاﻧﻲ ﺣﻀﻮر دارد و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ آﮔﺎﻫﻲ دارﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ دارﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﻮق، ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺆال ﭘﺎﺳﺦ داد ﻛﻪ آﻳﺎ در ﻣﺘﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺣﻀﻮر در اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎت ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن و ﻧﻴﺰ در ﻛﻨﺎر آن ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮی واﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺎ ،زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻫﺮ روزه دوﺳﺘﺎﻧﺸﺎن، ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻲ آزادﺗﺮ و ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺗﺮ را ﺑﺮای آﻧﺎن ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﺮ؟انجمن مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطاتمطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات2008-557531020080220Students of Tehran University and Internet Use: Uses and Gratificationsدانشجویان دانشگاه ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ استفاده ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ: ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ بهره ﻭﺭﻯ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺳﻨﺪﻯ16318644337FAمهری بهاردانشگاه تهرانعلی حاجی محمدیکارشناس ارشد مطالعات فرهنگی و رسانه دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20200816The main concern of this article is to examine Internet use by Tehran University students from the uses and gratifications perspective. In other words, how students use the Internet, and what needs they try to gratify. To understand this, an online questionnaire was designed and introduced to Internet users. The data was then analyzed. In this article regression analysis models were utilized to predict Internet usage. Principle component factor analysis resulted in five motives for using the Internet among respondents. Those were: information seeking, surveillance, entertainment, personal utility, and social interaction. Several variables were investigated in relation to the five motives, including; gender, year in school, Internet exposure, Internet affinity, and Internet satisfaction. Gender was found to be an important and significant factor; males were more likely to use the Internet for social interaction, and females were more likely to use it for seeking information. Freshmen were more likely to use the Internet for personal utility than seniors and graduate students. Internet affinity was significantly correlated with all Internet use motives. There was also a significant positive correlation between Internet satisfaction and Internet use motives for entertainment, surveillance, and information. Internet exposure was positively correlated to personal utility, social interaction, and entertainment. Exposure and satisfaction were significantly related to affinity, but not to each otherﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ، ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان از اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻈﺮی ﺑﻬﺮ ه وری و ﺧﺮﺳـﻨﺪی اﺳـﺖ. ﺑـﻪ ﻋﺒـﺎرﺗﻲ، داﻧﺸـﺠﻮﻳﺎن ﭼﮕﻮﻧـﻪ از اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣ ﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ و از آن رﺿﺎﻳﺖ دارﻧﺪ .ﺑﺮای ﺟﻤ ﻊ آوری اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﭘﺮﺳﺸـﻨﺎﻣﻪ آن ﻻﻳـﻦ ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ و ﭘﺲ از درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ داد ه ﻫﺎ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳـﺖ .در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎی ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن ﺑﺮای ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ .ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﺟﺰای اﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺠـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﭘـﻨﺞ اﻧﮕﻴـﺰه اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧـﺖ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ دﻫﻨـﺪﮔﺎن ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪ ﻛـﻪﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از :ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮی اﻃﻼﻋﺎت، ﻧﻈﺎرت، ﺳﺮﮔﺮﻣﻲ، ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪی ﺷﺨﺼﻲ و ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ .ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ، ﺳﺎل ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ، ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ، ﻋﻼﻗﻪ و واﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ و ﺧﺸﻨﻮدی و ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﻨـﺪی از اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧـﺖ در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﭘﻨﺞ اﻧﮕﻴﺰه ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺖ.ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﻣﻬـﻢ و ﻣﻌﻨـﻲ دار ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ ﺷـﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﻳﻜﻪ ﭘﺴﺮان ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ازاﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺮای ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و دﺧﺘﺮان ﺑـﺮای ﺟﺴـﺘﺠﻮی اﻃﻼﻋـﺎت اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ.ﺳﺎل اوﻟﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎل ﭼﻬﺎرﻣﻲ ﻫﺎ و داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷـ ﺪ/دﻛﺘـﺮای از اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧـﺖ ﺑـﺮای ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪی ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮدﻧﺪ.واﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داری ﺑـﺎ ﻫﻤـﻪ ا ﻧﮕﻴـﺰ ه ﻫـﺎی اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧـﺖ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ داﺷﺖ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﺸﻨﻮدی از اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ و اﻧﮕﻴﺰه ﻫﺎی ﺳﺮﮔﺮﻣﻲ،ﻧﻈﺎرت و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت وﺟﻮد دارد.ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧـﺖ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﻮدﻣﻨﺪی ﺷﺨﺼـﻲ ، ﺗﻌﺎﻣـﻞ اﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻲ و ﺳـﺮﮔﺮﻣﻲ، ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ و ﺧﺸﻨﻮدی ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮز ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داری ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ و واﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮط ﻣـﻲ ﺷﻮد، اﻣﺎ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ.